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The Cosmological Grounds of Lifestyle and its Implications for Political Life | ||
Journal of Islamic Political Studies | ||
دوره 2، شماره 3، بهار و تابستان 2020، صفحه 117-142 اصل مقاله (451.72 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/jips.2020.69405 | ||
نویسنده | ||
Qasem Tarkhan ![]() | ||
Faculty of Theology, Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought, Tehran, Iran. | ||
تاریخ دریافت: 22 مهر 1398، تاریخ بازنگری: 23 آذر 1400، تاریخ پذیرش: 02 بهمن 1398 | ||
چکیده | ||
In monotheistic cosmology, the world accommodates general characteristics that distinguish it from the other cosmologies. Explaining some of these features and their respective implications on the political lifestyle is of particular necessity and importance. The present paper strives to answer the question of whether there exists a logical relation between cosmology and lifestyle or not. Further, do different worldviews [and cosmologies] lead to different lifestyles in politics? Research on the advanced conclusions and outputs of this issue is elaborated hereunder. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
World؛ Cosmology؛ Worldview؛ Ideology؛ Lifestyle؛ Divine Tradition؛ Do''''s؛ Don''''ts | ||
اصل مقاله | ||
IntroductionDetermining the logical and objective relation between cosmology and the political lifestyle is one of the novel subjects that scientific societies must heed solemnly. The term “world” holds diverse applications and connotations. At times, it means the entire world of creation, the cosmos, and in some cases, only a part of the cosmos, such as the known part of the space in which human beings exist. In the first application, sometimes it refers to the world of the unseen and seen, and sometimes to the known and unknown aspects of the world of martyrdom (nature). By “world,” we imply the first form of meaning, which is the entire world of the unseen and seen. Yet, the second meaning of the term – the entire world of nature – will be likewise maintained to avoid overlapping meanings with the statements of ontological discussions. Cosmology should not be viewed as the same with ontology. Ontology is general and absolute, deals with issues that include the principles concerning the reality of existence, skepticism of existence, etc. regardless of some particular realities such as God, man, and the world. Contrarily, cosmology includes all that the ontology overlooks and is unconcerned with the general ontological doctrines. Cosmology is linked to worldviews since it refers to understanding the world, not feeling it. This involvement has caused the divisions of the worldview to reach cosmology. Yet, two characteristics have led to establishing the differentiation between cosmology and worldviews. Worldview refers to the general knowledge of the world, and similarly includes the general knowledge of God, man, and society, while cosmology additionally includes a partial knowledge of the world. Contrarily, cosmology is not solely concerned with subjects such as God, man, and society in terms of the subject matter. Nevertheless, cosmology may deal with attributes that the world regarded as a part of its relation with God and man. Yet, these acts are not defined as thorough examinations of divine nor human attributes. Among different types and divisions of cosmology, the philosophical worldview based on Islam's view of the world is considered in the present paper. Moreover, the term “lifestyle” refers to a set of behavioral principles and deliberate relations that are defined for the individual's life and society in various aspects of life (aspects such as politics, economics, culture, etc.). Accordingly, political lifestyle is defined as a set of systematic, deliberate, and concurrent behaviors and relations intended for the prosperity of the individual and society concerning politics and power, and further described as ways of dealing with the most important tasks to accomplish ends in political life (Adler, 1982). Assuredly, these behaviors and relations are established on insights and values, and further mold the individual and group preferences and objectives into a single identity in the name of civilization. The present paper addresses the fundamental question of whether there exists a relation between lifestyle and cosmology. If positive, what impacts do Islamic cosmological beliefs have on political lifestyle, and further, what implications do they render, all in objectivity? The author will attempt to answer the above questions by adapting the library method for information collection along with the descriptive-analytical approach in inferring the point of view. The logical Relation between cosmology and lifestyleThe answer to the first question is rooted in a deeper discussion that deals with the reciprocal relation between action and mentality, and through which the reciprocal relation between cosmological beliefs and political lifestyle will be explained. On the one hand, mentality and beliefs have an impact on individual and social behaviors (lifestyle). On the other hand, action and consequently lifestyle impact mentality and establish the proper mentality within nations naturally (Motahhari, 2003 b; Motahhari, 2004 c). The second discussion is not the subject matter of this paper, and here we are going to focus only on the first discussion, highlighting the fact that lifestyle and action cannot be detached from religious beliefs. Proving that cosmology influences lifestyle can be pursued both theoretically and descriptively. Regarding the descriptive method, prior research has been conducted on the impact of religious mentality on lifestyle and its elements. For instance, Weber concludes that colonialism has put forth the needed motivation and morality for the emergence of capitalism and the correlated lifestyles. Bellah and Bendix elaborated that not only did the morality and ideology of the Samurai provide the motivation, and grounds for a drastic change in twentieth-century Japan, but also legitimized the development of social institutions and individual motivations. Furthermore, Lenski revealed that in Detroit in 1958, religion exerted influence on patterns of behavior such as marriage, family relationships, selecting one’s place of residence, women's employment, leisure time activities – such as gambling, drinking – spare time, and deciding one’s career path (Mahdavi Kani, 2008). Theoretically, it is necessary to discuss whether there exists a logical relations between the do's and don'ts that humans have accepted in life – selecting a certain lifestyle depends on these do's and don'ts – and all that exits and not in the universe, and more specifically all that exits and not in the universe in terms of cosmology, such as theoretical frameworks? Through the sophistry scheme of “do-be,” David Hume challenged the claim that the relation of production and deduction of value and moral principles that include “do” and “don’t” (both plural in sense) is one of the scientific and authentic propositions that pertains to “to be” and “not to be” types of theories (Hume, 2009). Rational positivists were among the researchers who regarded the value neutrality as a characteristic of cognitive science and insisted on the separation of value from knowledge (Weber, 2003). Over time, this foundation even gained advocates. According to Muslim ideologists’ view, the existence of a relation between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom and the fact that the former is taken from the latter is definite and imperative. However, there have been debates on the nature of this relations and how it influences and in turn, is influenced. In Allameh Tabatabaei’s “Nazarieh-e-E’tebariat,” the relation of production is discredited. Nevertheless, the principle of a relation between the reality and moral propositions, serving the validity of the hypotheses that the mind comes up with to meet the needs of life, has been accepted (Tabatabaei, 2008). Some ideologists believe that those who denied the logical relation between these two categories of perceptions had meant to refuse a logically productive and generative relation. These ideologists maintain that inductions that are exclusively descriptive and include “to be” cannot render a result of the religious duty type because all “do” (plural) are rooted in the primary “do” (plural) or bases of practical reason. Nevertheless, they do not deny the existence of a non-productive logical relation between, and therefore, accept that a descriptive induction, in addition to a duty induction, can lead to a duty result (Soroush, 1984). Although Ayatollah Javadi-Amoli denies the relation of production, values in their chain of causation are derived from more fundamental values and rely on real matters; because “to be” signifies the antitype of “do.” According to him, the separation of practical wisdom from theoretical wisdom does not imply that we can obtain a theory concerning practical wisdom by arranging a few inductions from the issues and propositions of theoretical wisdom that are about different beings. He further maintains that no scholar or philosopher has ever declared such an assertion so far. Hence no one can claim to have discovered the contrary. In his perspective, it rather means that the cosmology, which is related to theoretical wisdom, identifies and provides the instances and details of the general principles of practical wisdom to be the source of the practical impact. For instance, from the two induction statements of “Akhirah is Haqq” and “Haqq must be accepted,” we conclude that Akhirah is rightful and must be accepted and placed faith within. In this example, if man concludes that the Akhirah is not rightful in his ontological arguments, he can never prove the necessity of having faith in the Akhirah by uniting this proposition with the “Haqq must be accepted” proposition since he considers the invalidity of the Akhirah to be Haqq, he will regard it as necessary to deny it. Consequently, he sets the laws in a manner that is in line with his needs, and further serves in providing his pleasures and desires (Javadi Amoli, 1994). Some other Muslim intellectuals have maintained by proposing the comparative necessity principle that the moral obligations have two applications: sometimes they are written and valid, and express the feelings of the speaker; such as “You have to say” and sometimes in the form of a declarative sentence. Take “justice must be accomplished” as an example. The first form is acceptable when it is validated based on a required and valid relation between the action and its result. The second form expresses the comparative necessity between the action and its result. When we compare the voluntary action of man with the implications of it, there is a comparative necessity established between them. We can express this necessity as a moral proposition. For example, when we say “We must tell the truth,” its content is the expression of the necessity that exists between truthfulness and Taqarrub (seeking closeness to God) which is the ultimate level of perfection for man (Mesbah Yazdi, 2002). In this outlook, the division of propositional logic rules into theoretical and practical is considered unnecessary, and moral and judicial issues are placed in the realm of theoretical reason (Mesbah Yazdi, 2002) and by denying the division of perceptions – dividing perceptions into theoretical intellect perceptions and practical intellect perceptions – and referring to normative propositions in the declarative sense – which has the potential for truth and falsehood – there is no mention of the relation between “to be” and “do.” In fact, consistency and unity are offered by submitting all “do” to “is,” (all plural in sense). The author believes that moral and behavioral “do” emerge from “to be” (both plural in sense) (the relation between actions and results). That implies that believing in the relation between the action and its results in the universe has prompted thought schools to confirm some “do” and “don't,” both plural in sense. In other words, the “do” and “don't” are rooted in the “to be” and “not to be” (all plural in sense) of theology, anthropology, ontology, cosmology, etc. through several means, which are formed in Ilm al-Kalām (rhetorics). For instance, under the circumstances in which we limit existence to material interests, based on which we deny any spiritual realm for existence, including the existence of God, the existence of the soul, and the existence of the spiritual world, we will also assume His nature to be detached from origin and afterlife. As a result, we will limit the ultimate perfection of man to worldly life and material pleasures, and resolutions such as the bliss in the afterlife or Taqarrub (seeking closeness to God) will look meaningless to us. Therefore, blinded with materialism, only goals such as material pleasure, collective benefit, power, wealth, etc. catch the eyes. These material objectives form the foundation of moral “do” (plural in sense). In conclusion, ethical and value-based “do” and “don't” (both plural in sense) are rooted in the types of cosmology through several means. The discussed topics suggest a valid and fundamental relation between cosmology and lifestyle. In terms of politics, any interpretation of life and any goal set for it will render a certain style in political life. Undoubtedly, our worldview will influence our interpretation of life. The foundations of cosmology and its implications on political lifeAs we discussed earlier, the characteristics of certain elements and particular components of the entire world can also be discussed within the realm of cosmology, but the present paper deals only with general characteristics (philosophical perception) from the perspective of Islam. The paper will then pursue these particular characteristics in order to discern what fundamental changes are occurring in the superstructures and political lifestyle. 1. According to Islamic cosmology, the world is God’s creation, and maintained by His providence. The universe depends on God in its occurrence and survival (Holy Quran, Fatir, 15). Accordingly, the world’s nature from Him (انا لله) and to Him (انا الیه راجعون) (Motahhari, 2004 b). The aforementioned principle will have implications (logical consequences) for the political lifestyle, discussed below.
Being grateful is a part of the ruler and representative of the Islamic system's lifestyle and presents a style different from the secular style. In this case, God is considered the source of rights, including political rights. Man and nature have no say in this. The ruler and representative are accountable to God and consider him to have the right over themselves and others. Hence, they adhere to the divine values and requirements in management, and the regulation of political life according to divine commands will be one of the components of such a style. This type of lifestyle is based on the combination of right and duty, which is different from the secular political lifestyle that does not reflect duty. The principle mentioned in the political lifestyle in a positive approach to a just government requires rights and duties. For example, in the discussion of accepting the leader's position, does it also include normative matters? Is the leader only the authority in a position of adjudicating in circumstances of aggression and litigation or leading the society towards the good is also considered as one of his duties, even if there is no litigation? Surely, one of the requirements of this principle is that the government is also committed to the normative affairs of the people. This element does not exist in the secular style. Also, in a positive approach, people are obliged to support and observe in addition to the rights they have, which will be mentioned later. In the supportive approach, they are obliged to participate in political gatherings such as consultative assembly elections, and whatever that empowers the system. The people's participation is based on rights and duties, and this means that participation is acceptable in the range of divine province. This means that democracy is not regarded as a value and is simply a methodical aspect. However, participation and democracy are considered values in a secular political lifestyle. In the supervisory approach, people are obliged to preach the Imams of the Muslims and engage in enjoining the good and forbidding the wrong, and everything that plays a role in supervising acts directly or indirectly. Therefore, based on this implication of the monotheism of the Islamic system, Imam Khomeini obliges the people to protect themselves and take care of each other while supervising the government officials according to the order of enjoining the good and forbidding the wrong to reform them and preserve the unity of the system (Ayatollah Khomeini, 1999). You are unable of finding these qualities in a secular political lifestyle. Besides, according to the mentioned principle, people are responsible for criticizing the ruler. This is a duty that is assigned to the people based on a negative approach to power, which is not a case in a secular political lifestyle.
Besides, the Quran considers the denial of any kind of associate necessary in the perception of worship “یا أَیُّهَا النَّاسُ اعْبُدُوا رَبَّکُمُ الَّذِی خَلَقَکُمْ... فَلا تَجْعَلُوا لِلَّهِ أَنْداداً” :(Holy Quran, al-Baqarah, 21 and 22). These associates can be tyrants and oppressors: “أنِ اعبُدوا اللهَ وَ اجتَنِبوا الطاغوت”(Holy Quran, An-Nahl, 36). Devotion to God is not compatible with obedience and submission to the tyrants (Holy Quran, Ali ‘Imran, 64; Holy Quran, An-Nahl, 36; Holy Quran, al-Baqarah, 256). In terms of politics, worship is perceived by perceiving both positive and negative aspects. On the other hand, performing and expanding worship is one of the goals of the political lifestyle of righteous governors in a positive approach. The Quran states in this regard: «الَّذینَ إِن مَکَّنّاهُم فِی الأَرضِ أَقامُوا الصَّلاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّکاةَ وَأَمَروا بِالمَعروفِ وَنَهَوا عَنِ المُنکَرِ» “Those who, whenever We give them power in the land, establish the prayer, and pay the alms, and enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong” (Holy Quran, Al-Ḥajj, 41). Accordingly, the first result and sign of the righteous government is the promotion of the above-mentioned matters (Ayatollah Khamenei, 2019) and the Islamic system is a system that guarantees the establishment of divine values in society (Ayatollah Khamenei, 2019). On the other hand, in the negative approach, supporting the tyrannical governments or not standing up to them is one of the examples of helping oppression, wasting the worldly and spiritual rights of the Muslims, and is one of the greatest and most dangerous wrongdoings (Ayatollah Khomeini, 2002; Ayatollah Khomeini, 1999) and confronting this wrongdoing is considered a great act of worship. Therefore, a government’s tendency to not put up a fight against suppression can be considered as an evidence for the illegitimacy of that government. d. Since the universe belongs to God, the Islamic government and system in its relations with humans, animals, the natural environment and inanimate objects, etc., must be the expression of divine mercy. Such a government prevents wastage of manpower, does not destroy or rob natural resources, does not pursue an advancement based on immorality, which will lead to corruption on the Earth and will not last. So the Quran mentions the prohibition of corruption on the Earth after stating man's dependence on God for food and drink: «کُلُوا وَ اشْرَبُوا مِنْ رِزْقِ اللَّهِ وَ لا تَعْثَوْا فِی الْأَرْضِ مُفْسِدِینَ» (Holy Quran, al-Baqarah, 60). 2. As claimed by Islamic cosmology, the whole universe is like a body in which there is communication, connection, and coordination between the elements and members, and every component and part is like a screw or a nut or a wheel or a rod or a tube that is placed in a factory while doing work alone, his work is related to the work of other components of that factory. However, you should note that this unity is not mechanical; it is rather organic. In mechanical unity, the world is assumed to be like a machine that is unified and integrated, and there is an evolutionary relation between its components. So a disorder in one causes a disorder in the other components and possibly a disturbance in the whole system. But in an organic unity, not only is the world one and integrated, but it also has a kind of unity similar to the organic unity of living beings, and therefore has growth and dynamism, and can adapt itself to the changes that have taken place and achieve the predefined objectives (Motahhari, 2004 b) and this means that the creatures of the world evolve in a harmonious system towards one end and on the other hand, it shows a general strategy in the whole universe that unites and coordinates all the cosmos (Motahhari, 2003 a; Motahhari., 2004 b) Accordingly, the coherence of the created world not only indicates the origin of monotheism but also shows the concept of interrelation and manifestation of the world and finally monotheism. The influence of this principle on political lifestyle is as follows.
According to this principle, the Islamic system should pursue religious science and art in managing science and art support activities that are in line with the universe’s system and show the unity of strategy, unity of nature and the unity of its creator in fields of science and art and create art that refers to plurality as unity. Because such science and art is authoritative (Ibn Abi al-Hadid, 1984) and provides facilities 3. According to Islamic cosmology, God has defined wise goals for the creation of the world, and the world was not created in vain, futility, and for nothing. The universe is based on decency, mercy, and guiding beings to their ideal perfections (Motahhari, 2004 b). Creatures hold a tendency towards their perfection (Motahhari, 2004 b) and nature is not impartial toward the path of human perfection and is in harmony with it is opposing to the factors that might stray humans from reaching perfection (Motahhari, 2011). But what is the ultimate goal and perfection in the world? According to monotheistic cosmology, all beings move towards God like a river moving towards a point: “الىاللَّه المصیر” (Holy Quran, Ali ‘Imran, 28) and go back to a great and noble origin which is the principle and manifestation of unity and monotheism. They say: “کلّ الینا راجعون” (Holy Quran, al-Anbya, 93). Given the fact that the well-being of a society and social system depends on knowing the destination of existence and adapting voluntary behavior to it, we must follow the laws and implement programs in politics that are in line with the general movement of the universe and the laws that God Almighty has established in creation. In other words, a style of political life is required that proposes the obligations and plans in all areas that are in harmony with the natural course of the universe; because such a style makes the man reach his destination easier and more efficiently. The agreement and compatibility of human feelings and determination with the natural path of the universe, which is achieved by obeying the laws and religious duties and is adjusted in harmony with the movement of creation, creates a paradise around the man in which a life free from conflicts, disagreements, envies, hatreds, and spites awaits him. In that life, the man is showered with soundness and he enjoys spiritual comfort. His conflicts with the world are less and he is closer to his and the world's happiness and goodness. The wisdom behind the world is its design based on justice: “بالعدل قامت السموات و الارض” (Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsa'i, 1983). Therefore, adjusting the movement of Islamic society towards wise goals means providing justice from the universe to the individual and then society and politics which is interpreted as “equity.” The goal of the prophets (the short-term goal, not the long-term goal) was to establish justice in social relations: “لیقوم النّاس بالقسط” (Holy Quran, al-Hadid, 25) which is in line with justice in evolution. The aim of the rule of the Rightly Guided One at the end of time is to establish the same justice and equities: “یملأ الارض عدلاً و قسطاً کما ملئت ظلما و جورا” (al-Kulayni, 1987) This statement suggests that the occurrence of social justice is a value and if it is not accomplished in several dimensions such as legislation, implementation, jurisdiction, and supervision and fair distribution of wealth, etc. the Islamic Republic will not be achieved. 4. According to Islamic cosmology, the world is governed by a system of causes and effects (the rule of a causality system over the world). This system is classified into longitudinal and transverse systems. The longitudinal system determines the order of beings in terms of activity and creation. The transverse system that governs the natural world determines the physical and numerical conditions for the emergence of a phenomenon. The history of the world becomes definite and specific according to this system. Every event occurs in a specific place and time, and every specific time and place revolves around certain events. No event in the world is "singular" and "independent" of other events. All parts of the world are united and interconnected. This connection embraces all parts of the world and creates a general and all-encompassing connection. The principle of the interdependence of things or the principle of the real unity of the world – the unity of the body – is the principle on which divine wisdom rests. The principle of the dependence of objects gains a more serious meaning in divine wisdom, and that is the concept of "unity" of the world (Motahhari, 2005; Motahhari 2004 b). Having faith in this principle has many impacts on creating a dynamic lifestyle, including:
5. In monotheistic cosmology, the divine tradition, which proceeds in the form of law and general principle in the world, is definite with no possibility of reconstruction and change envisioned for it (Holy Quran, al-Ahzab, 62; Holy Quran, al-Fath, 23; Holy Quran, Fatir, 43). A few of these divine traditions are noted hereunder.
The divine traditions are abundant in number (Tarkhan, 2018), but some of them, such as both traditions of gradual destruction, namely Istidraj (Holy Quran, al-An'aam, 44), and Imlaa (Holy Quran, al-Baqara, 155; Holy Quran, Ali ‘Imran, 154), victory of believers known as Nusrat-e-Mowmenaan (Holy Quran, Ar-Rum, 47), the frailty of the powers (Holy Quran, Ali 'Imran, 140), etc. are more evident in the political life. Faith in this cosmological principle requires the implementation of a few components in the political lifestyle, listed below.
6. The order of creation is the best according to the monotheistic cosmology, which implies that the present system is the best among assumed and possible systems, and in parallel with the prior statement, even renders the best aspects among all the aspects that can be assumed and attributed to any potential system. There are responses to the query that if the existing system is the best, then in consequence, there would exist no invalid, unavailing, or harmful affair in the world. One response in defense of the former claim elaborates that what is designated as “corrupt” and “evil” is partial and objectively specific to the subject/object in question. Contrarily, this defense if valid on a broader scale. Evils are relatively more conspicuous in the system of the universe and the fulfillment of beings alike (Motahhari, 2004 a; Motahhari, 2011). Changes in the political life approaches are the aftermath of placing faith within this cosmological principle since the world is deemed an order for the cultivation of human beings, in which the Almighty God, by His grace and care, has envisioned hardships and misfortunes to nurture and cultivate the individual's soul for his anticipated presence in the Hereafter, requiring his talents and capacities to bloom in the face of difficulties. Accordingly, the Islamic system is not overwhelmed with lethargy and decadence and similarly refuses to surrender to panic in the face of distress. Instead, the Islamic system builds a reinforced effort to control and compensate (repel and eliminate) the damage. Furthermore, this system eyes the good on a broader scale and strives to fulfill the growth objectives of Islam through strengthening the spirit of solidarity and harmony. 7. According to the Islamic cosmology, the world holds a hierarchy and is not confined merely to the material world and nature. Past the realm of property is the realm of kingdom and sense, and these realms have been interpreted as the realm of nature (tabia'at), the realm of illustration (misal), and the realm of the reason (aghl) which include the beginning (the realms prior to the realm of intoxication or known as the realms dwelling in the arc of descent)and the end (the realms past the realms of intoxication or known as realms in the arc of ascension) (Tabatabaei, 2002). According to the explanations that this brief paper cannot contain, there exists a lawful and consistent world in the descending arc of the unseen world as the origin of the seen world (Tabatabaei, 1996; Tabatabaei, 2007). There are many worthwhile issues in the ascent arc, and the most important ones can be briefly noted as follows.
The implications of this cosmological principle on the political lifestyle are diverse. Regarding the arc of revelation, it must be maintained that another consideration arising from the religious directions should be heeded alongside the political lifestyle in addition to the scientific estimates if there exists a rational and law-abiding system in the unseen world. Accordingly, one must maintain the assurance that the powers are trivial compared to the power of God Almighty, and all of them can be surmounted by relying on God (Ayatollah Khomeini; 1999). This direction is the act of duty and progress in accordance with God's will, upon which the Islamic system should be established. Furthermore, a few remarks are made concerning the ascent arc, briefly discussed below.
This is where it can be asserted that the ideal of political life is the indemnity of installments, and material concerns will not comprise the focus of political interactions in social and political devising. In contrast, if the "material world" gains significance and matters such as worldly power and wealth are deemed the ultimate ambitions and purpose in management and politics, possessing such power will be considered a criterion of superiority, prosperity, and salvation henceforth in life (Holy Quran, Taha, 64).
Thus, the divine religions have always signified the element of “justice” in pondering the origin of the creation, the historical progression path of nations, and in explaining the conclusion of this path, i.e. resurrection. The notion that man's oppressive or just behavior – in addition to numerous circumstantial implications in the world – will be embodied in the resurrection, naturally draws man closer towards justice. In other words, believing in a world where all human actions are heeded serves as a guarantee for the fulfillment of moral dos and don'ts. Consequently, the lack of such support can be reflected as the reason concerning the non-realization of some grand plans of Western governments about justice (Ayatollah Khamenei, 2019). Accordingly, the provision of political justice can be considered as one of the many prerequisites of this principle. The concept of justice is closely tied to the concept of righteousness, and the fulfillment of political justice implies the granting of reciprocal political rights to the subjects and the government. All in all, these prerequisites signify the adequate administration of the country in a just environment in which the subjects embrace and abide by the natural rights of equality (including political participation, selection, and equal suffrage), freedom (including freedom of criticism and supervision), security, comfort, and stability.
ConclusionConsidering the aforementioned topics, we can categorize the results into four groups:
On the one hand, these insightful elements are compatible and related to each other and they are cooperative with other systems of insight such as theology, anthropology, theology, sociology on the other hand. All of them are considered as a coordinated system to achieve perfection and Taqarrub (seeking closeness to God). In the macro-insight system, monotheism is the foundation and principle on which the interpretation of man, society, and the world is based.
Some of these principles, such as the first, third, and seventh principles, cause elements such as obedience, showing gratitude to God, moving toward the ultimate goal of the universe, and considering the unseen universe in the Last Judgment regard the first dimension. Correcting this relationship will lead to other three-way communications and affects matters such as family, marriage and divorce, choice of residence, choice of housing, choice of attire, consumption pattern, employment of women, recreation and leisure, avoiding gambling and drinking, business, choice of occupation, and individual and social behaviors. Some other principles originate values such as order, making effort in worldly and otherworldly affairs, justice, assistance and cooperation, unity, enduring hardships, and defeating despair and hopelessness, which are associated with one or two or three or all aspects of life. For instance, righteous behavior is related to all four dimensions of life. Unity and cooperation as a version of the unity that is achieved in the universe are proposed in the field of communication with others. Order in both the individual and social fields is in agreement with the order that covers the origin and what exists in the natural world and how it relates to itself and others.
By analyzing the general elements of the cosmology of Islam and studying its impacts on lifestyle, we reach a model of lifestyle that is interpreted in the Quran as the valid (wholesome) life and “Hayat-e-Tayyaba”: «من عمل صالحاً من ذکر او انثى و هو مؤمن فلنحیینه حیاة طیبة» (Holy Quran, An-Nahl, 97). This model includes the world and the afterlife, material and meaning, or worldly well-being along with justice, spirituality, and morality. This model embraces the world and the afterlife and demands improvement in both areas. Improvement in the software dimension of civilization means lifestyle and roaming the paths of the arc of ascent and moving voluntarily in degrees (from the world to the origin) that we marched in the arc of descent (from the origin to world) involuntarily. In this model, life is based on the system of legislation, and since it has been proven in advance, the designing the system of legislation (dos and don'ts) has been consistent with the evolved world (the existing and the nonexistent), choosing such a lifestyle leads to it being consistent with the evolved world. Apart from the argument that all of the beings in the world are nothing compared to the God's nature and depend on him to merely exist, by dividing the cosmological theorems into two types which govern the independent and dependent beings (لغیره و لنفسه) and the extraction of value theorems based on each of them, the consistency we claimed here manifests itself better; because we extract that the world has an origin in the arc of the descent in terms of the relationship between the world and the origin, the necessity of obedience, etc., the sense that the higher worlds are the origin for the lower worlds, the necessity of considering unseen factors in the calculations of life, etc., the ascending arc is moving towards the origin, the necessity of coordination with this movement and passing through the houses of the ascending arc from the option and connection of the starting point to the endpoint. Moreover, it is additional proof for those properties of the world that cannot be denied even regardless of their relation to the origin of the world. Nonetheless, we deem these characteristics to be in line with the world's relevance concerning its origins. Like having a monotheistic order, etc., the necessity of serving order in social life, etc. can be extracted. All this indicates that Islam has offered a lifestyle that stems from Islamic ideology and the “do and don't” (plural in sense) propositions, which have been validated in parallel with the proposition of “to be and not to be” and the monotheistic cosmology. Finally, believing in the designated cosmological principles in the Islamic approach to valid life and its implications concerning the political life will be different from other approaches that we reflected on their elements and components earlier. The fulfillment of such a political lifestyle depends only on the impartial view that Islamic cosmology has presented to humanity. This approach simultaneously orders the individual forth to strive for the prosperity of the world and asceticism in accepting the gifts of life in his personal life, and on the other hand, the individual deems forsaking the Hereafter as a sin. On this basis, the attainment of genuine and comprehensive progress along with a steady and deep-rooted civilization can be considered as the outcomes of faith in monotheistic cosmology, and in the light of it, one can encounter a political lifestyle that is fundamentally distinct from the secular style. | ||
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