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«ضمیمه»بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی در پایان تاریخ صفوی: فروپاشی اکولوژی پادشاهی ایران در اوایل دوران مدرن (1666-1722م/ 1076-1134ق) | ||
| تاریخ اسلام | ||
| دوره 25، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 100، دی 1403، صفحه 197-250 اصل مقاله (4.83 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/hiq.2024.77282 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| جیمز اسپیر1؛ جیمز گوستافسون* 2؛ عباس احمد وند3؛ بهناز کیباخی4 | ||
| 1استاد گروه سیستم‌های زمین و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ایالتی ایندیانا، تره هوت، ایندیانا ۴۷۸۰۹، ایالات متحده آمریکا | ||
| 2استاد گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه ایالتی ایندیانا، تره هوت، ایندیانا ۴۷۸۰۹، ایالات متحده آمریکا | ||
| 3عضو هیئت علمی گروه تاریخ و تمدن ملل اسلامی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 4دانش‌آموخته دکترای تاریخ اسلام، دانشگاه الزهراء، تهران، ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 12 تیر 1403، تاریخ بازنگری: 20 شهریور 1403، تاریخ پذیرش: 17 مهر 1403 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در تاریخ جهان، قرن هفدهم میلادی، دوران تغییر و تحول بود. این قرن با ظهور جنبش‌های اجتماعی در پاسخ به خشکسالی‌های گسترده، قحطی، بیماری، جنگ و جابه‌جایی‌جمعیت در جهان بر اثر تغییرات اقلیمی، شناخته می‌شود. بااین‌همه، تاریخ‌دانان هنوز ایرانِ عصر صفوی (1501-1722م /906-1134ق) را در زمره آن «بحران گسترده» قرار نداده‌اند. این مقاله که به صورت مشترک توسط یک تاریخ‌نگار محیط زیست و یک اقلیم‌شناس نوشته شده است، پس از بازنگری منابع اوّلیه دوران صفوی و شواهدی از حلقه‌های درختی، استدلال می‌کند که بحران گسترده زیست‌محیطی در اواخر قرن هفده میلادی (قرن یازده هجری قمری)، به فروپاشی اکولوژی پادشاهی صفوی کمک کرده است. کاهش منابع و اُفت جمعیت، زمینه‌ساز فروپاشی شبکه‌های سرزمینی و سرانجام سقوط صفویان به دست گروه کوچکی از مهاجمان افغان در سال 1722 میلادی (1134ق) شد. این مقاله درنهایت، به بررسی پیوند ایران با روندهای جهانی زیست‌محیطی در این دوره می‌پردازد و نشان می‌دهد که چگونه شرایط محلی و نقش انسان، به بروز بحران شدید زیست‌محیطی در ایران منجر شد | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تغییرات آب‌وهوایی؛ گاه‌شناسی درختان؛ تاریخ محیط زیست؛ قحطی؛ پادشاهی صفوی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Environmental Crises at the End of Safavid History: The Ecological Collapse of the Iranian Monarchy in the Early Modern Period (1666–1722 A. C/1076–1134 A. H) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| James Speer1؛ James Gustafson2؛ abbas ahmadvand3؛ Behnaz Kibakhi4 | ||
| 1Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA | ||
| 2Department of History, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA | ||
| 3Faculty member, Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 4Ph. D student in Islamic History, Al-ZahraUniversity, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In the history of world, the 17th century was the era of change and evolution. It was characterized by the emergence of social movements in response to the widespread droughts, famine, disease, war, and global population displacements due to the climate change. However, the historians had not yet included Safavids of Iran (1501–1722 CE/906–1134 AH) in that “widespread crisis.” Reviewing the primary sources from Safavid period and the evidence from the tree rings, this article written jointly by an environmental historian and a climatologist, argues that a widespread environmental crisis in the late seventeenth century contributed to the ecological collapse of the Safavid kingdom. The decline in the resources and population led to the collapse of territorial networks and the eventual fall of the Safavids to a small group of Afghan invaders in 1722 A. D (1134 A. H). Finally, the article examines Iran’s connection to the global environmental trends during this period, showing how the local conditions and the humans' role led to the emergence of a severe environmental crisis in Iran. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Climate change, tree chronology, environmental history, famine, Safavid kingdom | ||
| مراجع | ||
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خاتون‌آبادی، عبدالحسین، 1352ش، وقائع السنین والأعوام یا گزارش‌های سالیانه از ابتدای خلقت تا سال 1195 هجری، تهران: کتاب‌فروشی اسلامیه.
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کتابی، احمد، 1383ش، قحطی‌های ایران، تهران: دفتر پژوهش‌های فرهنگی.
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 421 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 420 |
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