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The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense: A Legal Assessment of Israel’s Use of Force Against Iran | ||
| فلسفه حقوق | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 1، فروردین 1404، صفحه 160-139 اصل مقاله (2.01 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/phlq.2025.72314.1135 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Marveh Kashiri* ؛ Marziyeh Karami | ||
| Department of International Law, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 30 تیر 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 31 تیر 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 31 تیر 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This article examines the legality of Israel’s claim to a right of preemptive self-defense against Iran within the framework of international law. It argues that such a claim lacks any valid legal foundation and stands in stark contrast to the fundamental principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations as well as established international jurisprudence. According to Article 51 of the UN Charter, the use of force in self-defense is only permissible in response to an actual and verifiable armed attack. Any military action based solely on the anticipation or assumption of an imminent threat does not meet the legal threshold and is not recognized by the international legal order. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), in landmark cases such as Nicaragua (1986), the Advisory Opinion on the Wall (2004), and Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda (2005), has consistently adopted a narrow interpretation of self-defense, explicitly rejecting the doctrine of preemptive force. Israel’s assertion of facing a permanent threat from Iran, absent concrete evidence of an imminent armed attack, cannot serve as a lawful justification for the use of force. Such actions not only contravene the prohibition on the use of force and the principle of state sovereignty but may also constitute a breach of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens) and amount to an act of aggression. Furthermore, acceptance of such a precedent poses serious challenges to the maintenance of international peace and security and risks undermining the credibility of the global legal order. Drawing on authoritative sources, international instruments, and comparative legal analysis, the article concludes that Israel’s invocation of preemptive self-defense is legally unfounded and incompatible with contemporary international law. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Preemptive self-defense؛ Israel؛ Iran؛ International Court of Justice؛ UN Charter؛ use of force؛ international law | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense: A Legal Assessment of Israel’s Use of Force Against Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Marveh Kashiri؛ Marziyeh Karami | ||
| Department of International Law, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| This article examines the legality of Israel’s claim to a right of preemptive self-defense against Iran within the framework of international law. It argues that such a claim lacks any valid legal foundation and stands in stark contrast to the fundamental principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations as well as established international jurisprudence. According to Article 51 of the UN Charter, the use of force in self-defense is only permissible in response to an actual and verifiable armed attack. Any military action based solely on the anticipation or assumption of an imminent threat does not meet the legal threshold and is not recognized by the international legal order. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), in landmark cases such as Nicaragua (1986), the Advisory Opinion on the Wall (2004), and Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda (2005), has consistently adopted a narrow interpretation of self-defense, explicitly rejecting the doctrine of preemptive force. Israel’s assertion of facing a permanent threat from Iran, absent concrete evidence of an imminent armed attack, cannot serve as a lawful justification for the use of force. Such actions not only contravene the prohibition on the use of force and the principle of state sovereignty but may also constitute a breach of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens) and amount to an act of aggression. Furthermore, acceptance of such a precedent poses serious challenges to the maintenance of international peace and security and risks undermining the credibility of the global legal order. Drawing on authoritative sources, international instruments, and comparative legal analysis, the article concludes that Israel’s invocation of preemptive self-defense is legally unfounded and incompatible with contemporary international law. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Preemptive self-defense, Israel, Iran, International Court of Justice, UN Charter, use of force, international law | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Andreias, V.A.V. (n.d.). Anticipatory self-defense in international law: legal or just a construct for using force. URL= http://arno. uvt. nl/show. cgi.
Dinstein, Y. (2017). War, aggression and self-defence. (6th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Dumitriţa, F. (2021). The Right to Individual or Collective Self-Defense. Preventive Attack According to the Provisions of the UN Charter. Jurnalul de Studii Juridice, 16(3-4), p. 15-28.
Elgawari, Z.A. (2025). Preemptive Self-Defence in Public International Law: An Analysis through the Lens of International Court of Justice Jurisprudence. Access to Just. E. Eur., no. 85.
Gray, C. (2008). International law and the use of force. (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
International Court of Justice. (1986). Military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment. ICJ Reports 1986.
International Court of Justice. (2004). Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, Advisory Opinion. ICJ Reports 2004.
International Court of Justice. (2005). Armed activities on the territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment. ICJ Reports 2005.
Khamdan, M. (2025). Right of a self-defense in international law: developments after september 11, 2001. Doctoral dissertation, Vilniaus universitetas.
O'Connell, M.E. (2021). The Illusory Standard of Imminence in the International Law of Self-Defense: The Killing of Qassim Soleimani. URL= SSRN 3784820.
Reis, J.F. (2021). The preventive use of force-debate within international law. Gaudium Sciendi, no. 20, p. 63-96.
Sandin, M. (2021). Pre-Emptive Self-Defence: When does an armed attack occur?
Schmitt, M.N. (2019). The use of force in international law: A case-based approach. Cambridge University Press
Shukurlu, F. (2024). The State of Israel’s right to self-defence.
United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations. URL= https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 64 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 62 |
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