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حقوق بشر و ملاحظات اخلاقی در عصر ژنومیک | ||
| فلسفه حقوق | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 1، فروردین 1404، صفحه 182-161 اصل مقاله (2.02 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/phlq.2025.77883 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| سید عباس حسینی سا* | ||
| گروه حقوق، دانشگاه باقرالعلوم، قم، ایران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 31 تیر 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 31 تیر 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پیشرفت سریع فناوریهای ویرایش ژنوم، به ویژه CRISPR-Cas9، علم زیستپزشکی را متحول کرده و در عین حال نگرانیهای بیسابقهای در مورد اخلاق و حقوق بشر ایجاد کرده است. این مقاله پیامدهای مهندسی ژنتیک را از دریچه حقوق بشر بررسی میکند و بر سه چالش اساسی تمرکز دارد: تهدیدهای برابری ناشی از بهبود ژنتیکی بالقوه، تناقضات رضایت در ویرایش سلولهای زایا و اشکال نوظهور تبعیض ژنتیکی. این مطالعه با استفاده از یک روششناسی میانرشتهای که اخلاق زیستی، فلسفه سیاسی و حقوق بینالملل را ادغام میکند و با مطالعات موردی مانند ماجرای هی جیانکوی و جنبش بیوهکینگ DIY تکمیل شده است، نشان میدهد که چگونه چارچوبهای حاکمیتی فعلی در برابر این چالشها ناکافی هستند. یافتههای کلیدی نشان میدهد که دسترسی نابرابر به فناوریهای ژنتیکی، خطر ایجاد "امتیاز ژنتیکی" و اشکال جدید طبقهبندی بیولوژیکی را به همراه دارد، در حالی که مداخلات سلولهای زایا مسائل عدالت بین نسلی حل نشدهای را ایجاد میکنند. علاوه بر این، حمایتهای موجود مانند GINA در رسیدگی به خطرات حریم خصوصی ژنتیکی معاصر در آزمایش مستقیم به مصرفکننده و تجاریسازی دادهها شکست میخورند. این مقاله یک مدل حاکمیتی سهجانبه را پیشنهاد میدهد که همکاری بینالمللی (از طریق چارچوبهای سازمان بهداشت جهانی/یونسکو و یک ثبت جهانی)، سیاستهای ملی تطبیقی (از جمله محیطهای امن نظارتی) و نظارت نهادی تقویتشده (با آموزش اجباری اخلاق) را ترکیب میکند. هدف این توصیهها ایجاد تعادل بین نوآوری علمی و حفاظتهای اخلاقی است و از تبدیل شدن فناوریهای ژنتیکی به ابزارهای نابرابری و در عین حال بهرهبرداری از پتانسیل درمانی آنها جلوگیری میکند. نتیجهگیری بر نیاز به نظارت مداوم بر تأثیرات اجتماعی و توسعه استراتژیهای اجرایی حساس به فرهنگ تأکید میکند، زیرا انقلاب ژنومی همچنان مفاهیم اساسی کرامت انسانی، برابری و خودمختاری را در قرن بیست و یکم به چالش میکشد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| حقوق بشر؛ مهندسی ژنتیک؛ کریسپر؛ اخلاق زیستی؛ ملاحظات اخلاقی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Human Rights and Ethical Considerations in the Genomic Era | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Sayyid Abbas Hosseinisa | ||
| Department of Law, Baqir al-Olum University, Qom, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The rapid advancement of genome editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, has revolutionized biomedical science while raising unprecedented ethical and human rights concerns. This paper examines the implications of genetic engineering through a human rights lens, focusing on three critical challenges: threats to equality from potential genetic enhancement, consent paradoxes in germline editing, and emerging forms of genetic discrimination. Using an interdisciplinary methodology that integrates bioethics, political philosophy, and international law, supplemented by case studies like the He Jiankui affair and DIY biohacking movement, the study reveals how current governance frameworks remain inadequate against these challenges. Key findings demonstrate that unequal access to genetic technologies risks creating "genetic privilege" and new forms of biological stratification, while germline interventions pose unresolved intergenerational justice issues. Furthermore, existing protections like GINA fail to address contemporary genetic privacy risks in direct-to-consumer testing and data commercialization. The paper proposes a tripartite governance model combining international cooperation (through WHO/UNESCO frameworks and a global registry), adaptive national policies (including regulatory sandboxes), and strengthened institutional oversight (with mandatory ethics training). These recommendations aim to balance scientific innovation with ethical safeguards, preventing genetic technologies from becoming tools of inequality while harnessing their therapeutic potential. The conclusion emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring of social impacts and development of culturally sensitive implementation strategies, as the genomic revolution continues to challenge fundamental notions of human dignity, equality, and self-determination in the 21st century. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Human Rights, Genetic Engineering, CRISPR, Bioethics, Ethical Considerations | ||
| مراجع | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 426 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 365 |
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