آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 54 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 2,581 |
| تعداد مقالات | 36,684 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 17,033,807 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 7,744,596 |
A Reflection on "Immortality" from Farabi's Perspective | ||
| Theosophia Islamica | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 5، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 10، بهمن 2025، صفحه 257-282 اصل مقاله (1.1 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/jti.2025.72684.1107 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Sohrab Haghighat* | ||
| Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Philosophy, Faculty of Theology, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 01 شهریور 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 15 مهر 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 19 مهر 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| One of the contentious issues concerning Farabi's views is whether he asserts the immortality of souls or not, and, if the former, whether this immortality is personal (individual) or generic (of the species). This article, employing a descriptive-analytical method, argues that Farabi holds the view of personal immortality, though not for all humans, but only for certain individuals. The fundamental reason for the confusion and conflict in views regarding Farabi's stance on the issue of immortality stems from the failure to distinguish between the different souls in the various cities (societies) in his philosophy. Farabi's criterion for explaining immortality is the actualization of human intellect through connection with the Active Intellect. Based on this criterion, he considers only the inhabitants of the two types of cities—the Virtuous City and the Transgressing City—to be immortal, because only the intellect of these two groups of humans becomes actualized. The difference is that the inhabitants of the Virtuous City act upon their knowledge, whereas the inhabitants of the Transgressing City abstain from acting upon their knowledge. Humans in all other cities only experience worldly life, and their souls perish with the decay of the body due to the non-actualization of their intellect. Regarding the issue of immortality being personal or generic, a reflection on Farabi's works leads to the conclusion that he posits a specific connection between the body and the temperament on the one hand, and the temperament and the soul on the other, considering each soul specific to a body and vice-versa. Therefore, just as we encounter multiple and individuated souls in worldly life due to the multiplicity of bodies and temperaments, in the afterlife, souls will also be distinguished from one another and will continue their immortal life in an individuated and personalized manner due to the acquisition of multiple and different dispositions and habits. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Soul؛ Intellect؛ City؛ Immortality؛ Active Intellect (Aql Fa''āl) | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
* Primary Sources (Farabi and Avicenna)
Abū Rayyān, M. (1973). Tārīkh al-Fikr al-Falsafī fī al-Islām (History of Philosophical Thought in Islam). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Nahḍah al-'Arabīyah. [In Arabic]
Al-Asadābādī , H., & Qāḍī , 'A. (1965). Al-Mughnī fī Abwāb al-Tawḥīd wa al-'Adl (The Sufficient [Book] on the Topics of Unity and Justice) (M. 'A. al-Najjār & 'A. al-Najjār, Eds., Vol. 11). Cairo, Egypt: Al-Dār al-Miṣrīyah li-l-Ta'līf wa li-l-Tarjamah. [In Arabic]
Al-Fākhūrī, Ḥ., & al-Jurr, K. (1979). Tārīkh-i Falsafah dar Jahān-i Islāmī (History of Philosophy in the Islamic World) ('A. M. Āyatī, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Kitāb-i Zamān. [In Persian]
Al-Juwaynī, 'A, (1995). Al-Irshād ilá Qawāṭi' al-Adillah fī Uṣūl al-I'tiqād (The Guide to the Decisive Proofs for the Principles of Belief) (Z. 'Umīrāth, Ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmīyah. [In Arabic]
Al-Mufīd, M. (1414 AH). Al-Masā'il al-Sarawīyyah (The Sarawī Questions) (S. 'Abd al-Ḥamīd, Ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Mufīd. [In Arabic]
Avicenna , Ḥ (Avicenna). (1983). Al-Ilāhīyāt min al-Kitāb al-Shifā' (The Metaphysics of The Book of Healing) (I. Madkūr & S. Z. Qanawātī, Eds.). Qom, Iran: Manshūrāt Āyat Allāh al-'Uẓmá Maktabat al-Mar'ashī al-Najafī. [In Arabic]
Avicenna , Ḥ (Avicenna). (2000). Al-Najāt min al-Gharaq fī Baḥr al-Ḍalālāt (Deliverance from Drowning in the Sea of Errors) (M. T. Dānishpazhūh, Ed.). Tehran, Iran: University of Tehran Press. [In Arabic]
Dāwūdī, 'A. (1957). Baqāy-i Nafs dar Naẓar-i Fārābī (The Survival of the Soul in Farabi's View). Majallah-yi Dānishkadah-yi Adabīyāt va 'Ulūm-i Insānī-yi Dānishgāh-i Tihrān (Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran), 3(15), pp. 364-372. [In Persian]
De Boer, T. J. (1983). Tārīkh-i Falsafah dar Islām (History of Philosophy in Islam) ('A. Shawqī, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Mu'assasah-yi Maṭbū'ātī-yi 'Aṭā'ī. [In Persian]
Fakhry, M. (1993). Sayr-i Falsafah dar Jahān-i Islām (A History of Islamic Philosophy) (Translated under the supervision of N. Pūrjawādī). Tehran, Iran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī. [In Persian]
Farabi, A. (1882). Al-Thamarah al-Marḍīyah fī Ba'ḍ al-Risālāt Farabiyah (The Pleasing Fruit in Some of Farabi's Treatises) (F. R. Dieterici, Ed.). Leipzig, Germany: Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. [In Arabic]
Farabi, A. (1966). Rasā'il Abī Naṣr Farabi (Treatises of Abū Naṣr Farabi). Hyderabad, Deccan, India: Maṭba'at Majlis Dā'irat al-Ma'ārif al-'Uthmānīyah. [In Arabic]
Farabi, A. (1986 a). Ārā' Ahl al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah (The Opinions of the People of the Virtuous City) (A. N. Nādir, Intro. & annot.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Mashriq. [In Arabic]
Farabi, A. (1986 b). Kitāb al-Millah wa Nuṣūṣ Ukhra (The Book of Religion and Other Texts) (M. Mahdī, Ed & intro.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-Mashriq. [In Arabic]
Farabi, A. (1992). Arba' Rasā'il al-Falsafīyah (Four Philosophical Treatises) (J. Āl-Yāsīn, Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Intishārāt-i Ḥikmat. [In Arabic]
Farabi, A. (1998). Al-Sīyāsah al-Madanīyah (The Political Regime) (F. M. Najār, Ed & intro.). Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Maṭba'ah al-Kāthūlīkīyah. [In Arabic]
Farabi, A. (2002). Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikmah wa Sharḥuhū li-l-Sayyid Ismā'īl al-Ḥusaynī al-Shanab Ghāzānī (The Bezels of Wisdom and its Commentary by Sayyid Ismā'īl al-Ḥusaynī al-Shanab Ghāzānī) ('A. Owjabī, Ed.). Tehran, Iran: Intishārāt-i Anjuman-i Āthār va Mafākhir-i Farhangī. [In Arabic]
Hammond, Rev. R. (1947). The Philosophy of Alfarabi and its Influence in Medieval Philosophy. New York, USA: The Hobson Book Press.
Ibn Ṭufayl, A. (1994). Risālat Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (The Treatise of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān) ('Abd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd, Ed.). Cairo, Egypt: Dār al-Kitāb al-Miṣrī. [In Arabic]
Manṣūrī, 'A, and Kahrizī, Z. (2019). Farjām-i Nufūs-i Nāqiṣah az Dīdgāh-i Fārābī (The Ultimate Fate of Deficient Souls from Farabi's Viewpoint). Nashrīyah-yi Dūfaṣlnāmah-yi 'Ilmī-Pazhūhishī-yi Falsafah (Quarterly Journal of Philosophy), 17(34), pp. 189-210. https://doi.org/ 10.22059/jop.2020.75979[In Persian]
Peterson, M., Basinger, D., Reichenbach, Bruce., & Hasker, W. (2000). Aql wa I'tiqād-i Dīnī (Reason and Religious Belief) (A. Narrāqī & I. Sulṭānī, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: Ṭarḥ-i Naw.
Rezazadeh, M. (2004). Marg va Jāvidānagī (Death and Immortality) (Translation of articles by Hume, Russell, and others). Tehran, Iran: Daftar-i Pazhūhish wa Nashr-i Suhrawardī. [In Persian]
Rīyāḥī, 'A. (2001). Baqāy-i Nafs-i Insān dar Dīdgāh-i Fārābī, Avicenna wa Ṣadr al-Muta'allihīn (The Survival of the Human Soul from the Viewpoints of Farabi, Avicenna, and Mullā Ṣadrā). Faṣlnāmah-yi 'Ilmī-Pazhūhishī-yi Pazhūhishhā-yi Falsafī-Kalāmī (Journal of Philosophical-Theological Research), 3(9), pp. 66-78. https://doi.org/ 10.22091/pfk. 2001.405 [In Persian]
Ṣalībā, J. (1995). Tārīkh al-Falsafah al-'Arabīyah (History of Arab Philosophy). Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Sharīkah al-'Ālamīyah li-l-Kitāb. [In Arabic] | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 51 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 41 |
||