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از آرمانشهر تا واقعیت: صورتبندی رهیافت واقعنگری در اندیشه سیاسی | ||
| علوم سیاسی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 12 شهریور 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/psq.2026.75005.3137 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| عباس عمادی* 1؛ رضا استوار2 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 17 خرداد 1405، تاریخ بازنگری: 14 مرداد 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 12 شهریور 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| اندیشههای سیاسی، از منظر منطق درونی تفکر، بر اساس سه مؤلفه «توصیف و تبیین واقعیات»، «ترسیم آرمانها و ایدهها» و «تجویز راهکارهای عملی» شکل میگیرند. دوگانگی میان «آرمان» و «واقعیت»، اگرچه از سوی برخی رویکردهای علوم سیاسی به چالش کشیده شده است، با احیای اندیشه سیاسی هنجاری در دهههای اخیر بار دیگر به مسئلهای مهم در اندیشه سیاسی تبدیل شده است. بر این اساس، پرسش اصلی مقاله حاضر آن است که نسبت میان واقعیات عینی، آرمانها و تجویزهای عملی در اندیشه سیاسی چگونه قابل تبیین است؟ بررسی تاریخ اندیشه سیاسی نشان میدهد که اندیشهورزی سیاسی عمدتاً تحت تأثیر سه رویکرد آرمانگرایی، واقعگرایی و عملگرایی شکل گرفته است: واقعگرایان عمدتاً بر «آنچه هست»، آرمانگرایان بر «آنچه باید باشد» و عملگرایان بر «آنچه باید انجام شود» تأکید دارند. مقاله حاضر با بررسی دیدگاههای شماری از متفکران سیاسی، در پی استخراج و صورتبندی الگویی متمایز با عنوان «واقعنگری» است. داده های این تحقیق از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه ای و متون اندیشه سیاسی گرداوری شده و به شیوه کیفی و با روش تحلیلی ـ تطبیقی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که رهیافت واقعنگری بر چهار مؤلفه اساسی استوار است: «اندیشهورزی بر مبنای درک دقیق واقعیت موجود»، «تقدم اندیشه بر امر واقع»، «تعهد به آرمانها در پرتو امکانات و محدودیتهای عملی» و «پرهیز از عملگرایی و منفعتاندیشی صرف». بر این اساس، واقعنگری برخلاف دو رهیافت واقعگرا و عملگرا ضمن تعهد و پایبندی به ارزش ها و آرمان های بنیادین، آن ها را با توجه به قابلیت ها، امکانات و محدودیت های عملی تعدیل و بازسازی میکند و بدین ترتیب، میان آرمان و واقعیت، نظر و عمل، و محافظهکاری و پویایی پیوند برقرار میکند. واقعنگری راهی میانه و هوشمندانه برای پیوند دادن اندیشه و عمل در جغرافیای ممکنهاست؛ رویکردی که نه آرمانها را قربانی واقعیات میکند و نه در ورای واقعیات به خیالپردازی محض میپردازد، و نه به عملگرایی متمایل میشود، بلکه با تعامل دیالکتیکی میان «هست» و «باید»، زمینه را برای تحقق تدریجی و امکانپذیر آرمانها فراهم میآورد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| آرمانگرایی؛ واقعگرایی؛ عملگرایی؛ واقعنگری؛ اندیشه سیاسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| From Utopia to Reality: The Formation of a Realistic Approach in Political Thought | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| abbas emadi1؛ Reza Ostovar2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| 2M.A. in Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| From the perspective of the internal logic, political thought is grounded in three fundamental components: "describing and explaining realities", "formulating ideals" and "prescribing practical solutions." Although the dichotomy between "ideals" and "reality" has been challenged by some approaches in political science, it has once again emerged as a significant issue in political thought with the revival of normative political thought in recent decades. Accordingly, the central question of this article is how the relationship among objective realities, ideals, and practical prescriptions can be explained within political thought. A review of the history of political thought indicates that political thinking has largely developed under the influence of three approaches: idealism, realism, and pragmatism. Realists primarily emphasize "what is," idealists "what ought to be," and pragmatists "what ought to be done." Employing an analytical-comparative method and examining the views of a number of political thinkers, this article seeks to develop and formulate a distinct model termed the "Realistic Approach." The findings indicate that the Realistic Approach rests on four fundamental components: "thinking on the basis of an accurate understanding of existing reality," "the primacy of thought over reality," "reconsidering and adjusting ideals in light of practical possibilities and constraints," and "avoiding pragmatism and purely interest-driven reasoning." Accordingly, the Realistic Approach seeks to establish a connection among ideals and reality, theory and practice, and conservatism and reform-oriented dynamism. Realistic Approach offers a balanced and intellectually nuanced framework for bridging political thought and political action within the realm of practical possibilities. It neither sacrifices ideals to realities, nor escapes into utopian imagination beyond reality, nor inclines toward mere pragmatism. Instead, through a dialectical engagement between "what is" and "what ought to be," it creates the conditions for the gradual and feasible realization of political ideals From the perspective of the internal logic, political thought is grounded in three fundamental components: "describing and explaining realities", "formulating ideals" and "prescribing practical solutions." Although the dichotomy between "ideals" and "reality" has been challenged by some approaches in political science, it has once again emerged as a significant issue in political thought with the revival of normative political thought in recent decades. Accordingly, the central question of this article is how the relationship among objective realities, ideals, and practical prescriptions can be explained within political thought. A review of the history of political thought indicates that political thinking has largely developed under the influence of three approaches: idealism, realism, and pragmatism. Realists primarily emphasize "what is," idealists "what ought to be," and pragmatists "what ought to be done." Employing an analytical-comparative method and examining the views of a number of political thinkers, this article seeks to develop and formulate a distinct model termed the "Realistic Approach." The findings indicate that the Realistic Approach rests on four fundamental components: "thinking on the basis of an accurate understanding of existing reality," "the primacy of thought over reality," "reconsidering and adjusting ideals in light of practical possibilities and constraints," and "avoiding pragmatism and purely interest-driven reasoning." Accordingly, the Realistic Approach seeks to establish a connection among ideals and reality, theory and practice, and conservatism and reform-oriented dynamism. Realistic Approach offers a balanced and intellectually nuanced framework for bridging political thought and political action within the realm of practical possibilities. It neither sacrifices ideals to realities, nor escapes into utopian imagination beyond reality, nor inclines toward mere pragmatism. Instead, through a dialectical engagement between "what is" and "what ought to be," it creates the conditions for the gradual and feasible realization of political ideals From the perspective of the internal logic, political thought is grounded in three fundamental components: "describing and explaining realities", "formulating ideals" and "prescribing practical solutions." Although the dichotomy between "ideals" and "reality" has been challenged by some approaches in political science, it has once again emerged as a significant issue in political thought with the revival of normative political thought in recent decades. Accordingly, the central question of this article is how the relationship among objective realities, ideals, and practical prescriptions can be explained within political thought. A review of the history of political thought indicates that political thinking has largely developed under the influence of three approaches: idealism, realism, and pragmatism. Realists primarily emphasize "what is," idealists "what ought to be," and pragmatists "what ought to be done." Employing an analytical-comparative method and examining the views of a number of political thinkers, this article seeks to develop and formulate a distinct model termed the "Realistic Approach." The findings indicate that the Realistic Approach rests on four fundamental components: "thinking on the basis of an accurate understanding of existing reality," "the primacy of thought over reality," "reconsidering and adjusting ideals in light of practical possibilities and constraints," and "avoiding pragmatism and purely interest-driven reasoning." Accordingly, the Realistic Approach seeks to establish a connection among ideals and reality, theory and practice, and conservatism and reform-oriented dynamism. Realistic Approach offers a balanced and intellectually nuanced framework for bridging political thought and political action within the realm of practical possibilities. It neither sacrifices ideals to realities, nor escapes into utopian imagination beyond reality, nor inclines toward mere pragmatism. Instead, through a dialectical engagement between "what is" and "what ought to be," it creates the conditions for the gradual and feasible realization of political ideals | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, Realistic Approach, Political Thought | ||
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