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امت، ملت، مرز و تابعیت؛ بازسازی نظری با تأکید بر اندیشه سیاسی آیتالله خامنهای | ||
| علوم سیاسی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 03 آبان 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/psq.2026.74595.3113 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| امیر جلالی اصل* 1؛ هادی جلالی اصل2؛ نجف لکزایی3 | ||
| 1ندارم | ||
| 2استادیار گروه فقه سیاسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران و استاد سطوح عالی حوزه علمیه قم | ||
| 3استاد گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه باقرالعلوم(ع)، قم، ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 13 اردیبهشت 1405، تاریخ بازنگری: 11 شهریور 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 03 آبان 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| مفهوم امت اسلامی، به دلیل ابتنا بر پیوند ایمانی و فراتر رفتن از مرزهای جغرافیایی، در ظاهر با الگوی دولت ـ ملت و مفاهیم وابسته به آن، از جمله ملت، تابعیت و مرز، ناسازگار به نظر میرسد. این ناسازگاری ظاهری، این پرسش را پدید میآورد که امت در اندیشه سیاسی آیتالله خامنهای (قده) چه نسبتی با ملت، دولت، تابعیت و مرز دارد و آیا تأکید بر هویت و مسئولیت امتی به نفی دولت ملی، عضویت حقوقی و حاکمیت سرزمینی میانجامد؟ پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با بهرهگیری از تحلیل مفهومی و بازسازی تفسیری آثار و بیانات آیتالله خامنهای (قده)، این نسبت را بررسی کرده است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد که بخش مهمی از تعارض ادعاشده، ناشی از قرار دادن مفاهیمی در کنار یکدیگر است که به سطوح متفاوت جامعه سیاسی تعلق دارند. بر این اساس، امت و ملت در سطح هویت جمعی، دولت در سطح سازمان سیاسی، تابعیت در سطح عضویت حقوقی و مرز در سطح قلمرو اعمال صلاحیت قرار میگیرند. در اندیشه آیتالله خامنهای (قده)، هویت امتی جایگزین هویت ملی نیست، بلکه دایره تعلق و مسئولیت مسلمان را گسترش میدهد؛ ازاینرو، هویت ملی و امتی قابل جمعاند. دولت نیز سازمان سیاسی اداره جامعه و تحقق نهادی ارزشهاست و امتمحوری مستلزم نفی جمهوریت و نقش مردم نیست. تابعیت، رابطهای حقوقی میان فرد و دولت و مستقل از عضویت ایمانی است؛ ازاینرو، غیرمسلمان نیز میتواند عضو جامعه سیاسی و برخوردار از حقوق عمومی باشد. مرز نیز حد معتبر اعمال مستقیم حاکمیت دولت است، هرچند حدود نهایی تعلق و مسئولیت اسلامی را تعیین نمیکند. یافتهها همچنین نشان میدهد که سازگاری دولت ـ ملت با امت افزون بر عدم تعارض مفهومی، نیازمند دو شرط ماهوی و شکلی است: در بعد ماهوی، پذیرش مرز و منافع ملی نباید به حذف مسئولیتهای اسلامی و انسانی فرامرزی بینجامد و در بعد شکلی، تحقق این مسئولیتها باید با رعایت اراده مردم، قانون و حاکمیت دولت صاحب قلمرو صورت گیرد. بنابراین، الگوی چهارسطحی پژوهش نشان میدهد که گسترش قلمرو هویت و مسئولیت امتی، مستلزم گسترش قلمرو حاکمیت سیاسی یا نفی ملت، دولت، تابعیت و مرز نیست. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| امت اسلامی؛ ملت؛ دولت ـ ملت؛ تابعیت؛ مرز؛ آیتالله خامنهای (قده) | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Ummah, Nation, Border, and Nationality: A Theoretical Reconstruction with Emphasis on the Political Thought of Ayatollah Khamenei | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Amir Jalali Asl1؛ Hadi Jalali Asl2؛ Najaf Lakzaei3 | ||
| 1None | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Department of Political Jurisprudence and Professor of advanced levels of Qom seminary | ||
| 3Professor, Department of Political Science, Baqir al-Olum University, Qom, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The concept of the Islamic Ummah, grounded in a bond of faith and extending beyond geographical boundaries, may at first appear incompatible with the nation-state model and its associated concepts, including nation, citizenship, and borders. This apparent incompatibility raises the question of how the Ummah relates to nation, state, citizenship, and borders in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei (Quddisa Sirruh), and whether emphasizing Ummah-based identity and responsibility entails the rejection of the national state, legal membership, and territorial sovereignty. Using a descriptive-analytical method, together with conceptual analysis and interpretive reconstruction of Ayatollah Khamenei’s works and statements, this study examines these relationships. The findings indicate that a significant part of the alleged conflict stems from juxtaposing concepts that belong to different levels of political society. Accordingly, the Ummah and nation pertain to the level of collective identity; the state to political organization; citizenship to legal membership; and borders to the scope of jurisdiction. In Ayatollah Khamenei’s political thought, Ummah-based identity does not replace national identity; rather, it expands the sphere of a Muslim’s belonging and responsibility. National and Ummah-based identities are therefore compatible. The state, in turn, constitutes the political organization through which society is governed and values are institutionally realized, and an Ummah-centered orientation does not necessitate the rejection of republicanism or the role of the people. Citizenship is a legal relationship between the individual and the state and is distinct from faith-based membership; consequently, a non-Muslim may also be a member of the political community and enjoy public rights. Borders likewise constitute the legitimate limits within which state sovereignty is directly exercised, although they do not define the ultimate boundaries of Islamic belonging and responsibility. The findings further demonstrate that the compatibility of the nation-state with the Ummah, beyond the absence of conceptual contradiction, requires two substantive and procedural conditions: substantively, the recognition of borders and national interests must not result in the elimination of transnational Islamic and humanitarian responsibilities; procedurally, the fulfillment of such responsibilities must respect the will of the people, the law, and the sovereignty of the state exercising jurisdiction over the relevant territory. Thus, the study’s four-level model demonstrates that expanding the scope of Ummah-based identity and responsibility does not entail expanding the sphere of political sovereignty or rejecting the nation, state, citizenship, or borders. The concept of the Islamic Ummah, grounded in a bond of faith and extending beyond geographical boundaries, may at first appear incompatible with the nation-state model and its associated concepts, including nation, citizenship, and borders. This apparent incompatibility raises the question of how the Ummah relates to nation, state, citizenship, and borders in the political thought of Ayatollah Khamenei (Quddisa Sirruh), and whether emphasizing Ummah-based identity and responsibility entails the rejection of the national state, legal membership, and territorial sovereignty. Using a descriptive-analytical method, together with conceptual analysis and interpretive reconstruction of Ayatollah Khamenei’s works and statements, this study examines these relationships. The findings indicate that a significant part of the alleged conflict stems from juxtaposing concepts that belong to different levels of political society. Accordingly, the Ummah and nation pertain to the level of collective identity; the state to political organization; citizenship to legal membership; and borders to the scope of jurisdiction. In Ayatollah Khamenei’s political thought, Ummah-based identity does not replace national identity; rather, it expands the sphere of a Muslim’s belonging and responsibility. National and Ummah-based identities are therefore compatible. The state, in turn, constitutes the political organization through which society is governed and values are institutionally realized, and an Ummah-centered orientation does not necessitate the rejection of republicanism or the role of the people. Citizenship is a legal relationship between the individual and the state and is distinct from faith-based membership; consequently, a non-Muslim may also be a member of the political community and enjoy public rights. Borders likewise constitute the legitimate limits within which state sovereignty is directly exercised, although they do not define the ultimate boundaries of Islamic belonging and responsibility. The findings further demonstrate that the compatibility of the nation-state with the Ummah, beyond the absence of conceptual contradiction, requires two substantive and procedural conditions: substantively, the recognition of borders and national interests must not result in the elimination of transnational Islamic and humanitarian responsibilities; procedurally, the fulfillment of such responsibilities must respect the will of the people, the law, and the sovereignty of the state exercising jurisdiction over the relevant territory. Thus, the study’s four-level model demonstrates that expanding the scope of Ummah-based identity and responsibility does not entail expanding the sphere of political sovereignty or rejecting the nation, state, citizenship, or borders. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Islamic Ummah, Nation, Nation-State, Citizenship, Border, Ayatollah Khamenei (Quddisa Sirruh) | ||
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