اخلاق‌زدایی از جنایت ترحم‌آمیز: واکاوی جرم‌شناختی - فلسفی اتانازی غیرقابل ارادی نوزادان با تمرکز بر پرونده دکتر لئونارد آرتور

Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x

Andorno, R. (2009). Human dignity and human rights as a common ground for a global bioethics. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 34(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhp023

Annadurai, K., Danasekaran, R., & Mani, G. (2014). Euthanasia: Right to die with dignity. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 3(4), 477–478. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.148161

Arras, J. D. (1984). Toward an Ethic of Ambiguity. The Hastings Center Report, 14(2), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/3561882

Ashworth, A. (2003). Principles of criminal law (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Baron, A. (2009, April 17). The physician falsely accused: The case of Doctor Leonard Arthur. ITMA. https://archive.org/details/dr-leonard-arthur

Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Biggar, N. (2004). Aiming to kill: The ethics of suicide and euthanasia. Darton Longman & Todd.

Boize, P., Borrhomee, S., Michel, P., Betremieux, P., Hubert, P., & Moriette, G. (2019). Neonatal end-of-life decision-making almost 20 years after the EURONIC study: A French survey. Archives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel de la Societe Francaise de Pediatrie, 26(6), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2019.06.007

Brahams, D., & Brahams, M. (1983). Symposium 1: The Arthur case–a proposal for legislation. Journal of Medical Ethics, 9(1), 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.9.1.12

Candee, D., & Puka, B. (1984). An analytic approach to resolving problems in medical ethics. Journal of Medical Ethics, 10(2), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.10.2.61

Cassel, E. J. (1982). The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 306(11), 639–645. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198203183061104

Crossley, M. A. (1987). Selective nontreatment of handicapped newborns: An analysis. Medicine and Law, 6(6), 499–524.

Cuttini, M., Casotto, V., de Vonderweid, U., Garel, M., Kollée, L. A., Saracci, R., & EURONIC Study Group. (2009). Neonatal end-of-life decisions and bioethical perspectives. Early Human Development, 85(10 Suppl), S21–S25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.007

Cuttini, M., Nadai, M., Kaminski, M., Hansen, G., de Leeuw, R., Lenoir, S., Persson, J., Rebagliato, M., Reid, M., de Vonderweid, U., Lenard, H. G., Orzalesi, M., & Saracci, R. (EURONIC Study Group). (2000). End-of-life decisions in neonatal intensive care: Physicians' self-reported practices in seven European countries. Lancet (London, England), 355(9221), 2112–2118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02378-3

Dageville, C., Bétrémieux, P., Gold, F., Simeoni, U., & Working Group on Ethical Issues in Perinatology. (2011). The French Society of Neonatology's proposals for neonatal end-of-life decision-making. Neonatology, 100(2), 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1159/000324119

Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society (2nd ed.). SAGE.

Debes, R. (2023). Dignity. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved May 11, 2025, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dignity/

Dimmock, S., & Fisher, A. (2017). Euthanasia – Ethics for A-Level. In Ethics for AQA philosophy and OCR religious studies. Open Book Publishers. https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Medanos_College/Ethics_for_A-Level%3A_For_AQA_Philosophy_and_OCR_Religious_Studies_%28Dimmock_and_Fisher%29/01%3A_Chapters/1.08%3A_CHAPTER_7_EUTHANASIA

Downie, J. (2004). Dying justice: A case for decriminalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide in Canada. University of Toronto Press.

Dr. Leonard Arthur: His trial and its implications. (1981, November 14). British Medical Journal, 283(6302), 1340–1341. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/721854

Driver, J. (2014). Utilitarianism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved April 27, 2025, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/

Dworkin, R. (1993). Life’s dominion: An argument about abortion, euthanasia, and individual freedom. Alfred A. Knopf.

Emanuel, E. J., & Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the physician–patient relationship. JAMA, 267(16), 2221–2226. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480160079038

Ewald, F. (1990). Norms, Discipline, and the Law. Representations, 30, 138–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/2928449

Feinberg, J. (1987). The moral limits of the criminal law: Volume 1, Harm to others. Oxford University Press.

Fineman, M. A. (2008). The vulnerable subject: Anchoring equality in the human condition. Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, 20(1), 1–23.

Fineman, M. A. (2019). Vulnerability in Law and Bioethics. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 30(4S), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2019.0115

Finnis, J. (2011). Natural law and natural rights (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Fletcher, G. P. (1998). Basic concepts of criminal law. Oxford University Press.

Fletcher, J. F. (1979). Humanhood: Essays in biomedical ethics. Prometheus Books.

Fontalis, A., Prousali, E., & Kulkarni, K. (2018). Euthanasia and assisted dying: What is the current position and what are the key arguments informing the debate? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 111(11), 407–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076818803452

Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: Volume I: An introduction (R. Hurley, Trans.). Pantheon Books.

Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978 (M. Senellart, F. Ewald, & A. Fontana, Eds.; G. Burchell, Trans.). Palgrave Macmillan.

Gabrielyan, A. (2014). Euthanasia in criminal legal, criminological and biomedical context (Doctoral dissertation, Riga Stradiņš University). Riga Stradiņš University. https://dspace.rsu.lv/items/13183def-2ab6-4596-bb66-5f2d45c5e552

Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. Oxford University Press.

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Harvard University Press.

Gillon, R. (1985a). An introduction to philosophical medical ethics: The Arthur case. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 290(6475), 1117–1119. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.290.6475.1117

Gillon, R. (1985b). Justice and medical ethics. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 291(6489), 201–202. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.291.6489.201

Gillon, R. (1986). Philosophical medical ethics. Conclusion: The Arthur case revisited. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.), 292(6519), 543–545. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6519.543

Glover, J. (1990). Causing death and saving lives: The moral problems of abortion, infanticide, suicide, euthanasia, capital punishment, war, and other life-or-death choices. Penguin Books.

Gorsuch, N. M. (2006). The future of assisted suicide and euthanasia. Princeton University Press.

Gostin, L. O. (1985). A moment in human development: Legal protection, ethical standards and social policy on the selective non-treatment of handicapped neonates. Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works, 768. https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/768

Griffiths, J., Weyers, H., & Adams, M. (2008). Euthanasia and law in Europe (2nd ed.). Hart Publishing.

Grue, L. (2010). Eugenics and euthanasia – then and now. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 12(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017410903076776

Gunn, M. J., & Smith, J. C. (1985). Arthur's case and the right to life of a Down's syndrome child. Criminal Law Review (London, England), 1985, 705–715.

Hansard. (1982, March 8). R v Arthur (Judgment). Hansard Commons. Retrieved from https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1982-03-08/debates/e8dcee0e-6975-424c-a06e-899e4763bca5/RVArthur(Judgment)

Hart, H. L. A. (2008). Punishment and responsibility: Essays in the philosophy of law (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1968)

Held, V. (2006). The ethics of care: Personal, political, and global. Oxford University Press.

Herranz, G. (1995). Neonatal euthanasia. Unit of Humanities and Medical Ethics, University of Navarra. Retrieved from https://en.unav.edu/web/humanities-and-medical-ethics-unit/bioethics-material/conferencias-sobre-etica-medica-de-gonzalo-herranz/eutanasia-neonatal#gsc.tab=0

Herring, J. (2016). Criminal Law: Text, cases, and materials (7th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Hursthouse, R. (1999). On virtue ethics. Oxford University Press.

Ienaga, N. (1994). Legal aspects of treatment for disabled newborn babies. In N. Fujiki & D. R. J. Macer (Eds.), Intractable neurological disorders, human genome research and society: Proceedings of the Third International Bioethics Seminar in Fukui, 19-21 November, 1993 (pp. 146–148). Eubios Ethics Institute.

Johnson, R., & Cureton, A. (2022). Kant’s moral philosophy. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved April 27, 2025, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/ (Original work published 2004)

Jonas, H. (1984). The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. University of Chicago Press.

Jotkowitz, A. B., & Glick, S. (2006). The Groningen protocol: Another perspective. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32(3), 157–158. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.012476

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185

Kant, I. (1997). Critique of practical reason (M. J. Gregor, Ed. & Trans.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809576 (Original work published 1788)

Kant, I. (2012). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals (M. J. Gregor, Ed. & Trans.; A. W. Wood, Intro.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1785)

Kennedy, I. (2023). R. v. Arthur, Re B, and the severely disabled new-born baby. In Treat me right: Essays in medical law and ethics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198255581.003.0008 (Original work published 1991)

Keown, J. (2018). Euthanasia, ethics and public policy: An argument against legalisation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Kon, J. J., Verhagen, A. A. E., & Kon, A. A. (2022). Neonatal Euthanasia and the Groningen Protocol. In N. Nortjé & J. C. Bester (Eds.), Pediatric ethics: Theory and practice (pp. 291–311). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86182-7_18

Kuhse, H. (1984). A Modern Myth. That Letting Die is not the Intentional Causation of Death: Some reflections on the trial and acquittal of Dr Leonard Arthur. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1(1), 21–38. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24353610

Kuhse, H. (1986). Death by non-feeding: Not in the baby's best interests. The Journal of Medical Humanities and Bioethics, 7(2), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117900

Kuhse, H., & Singer, P. (1985). Should the baby live? The problem of handicapped infants. Oxford University Press.

Lemke, T., & Trump, E. F. (2011). Biopolitics: An advanced introduction. NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg0rd

Leonard Arthur. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 20, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Arthur

Levinas, E. (1969). Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority (A. Lingis, Trans.). Duquesne University Press. (Original work published 1961)

Lindemann, H., & Verkerk, M. (2008). Ending the Life of a Newborn: The Groningen Protocol. The Hastings Center Report, 38(1), 42–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25165293

Loi n° 2005-370 du 22 avril 2005 relative aux droits des malades et à la fin de vie. (2005). Journal Officiel de la République Française.

Loi n° 2016-87 du 2 février 2016 créant de nouveaux droits en faveur des malades et des personnes en fin de vie. (2016). Journal Officiel de la République Française.

Mackenzie, C., Rogers, W., & Dodds, S. (Eds.). (2014). Vulnerability: New essays in ethics and feminist philosophy (Studies in Feminist Philosophy). Oxford University Press.

May, L. (1992). Sharing responsibility. University of Chicago Press.

Mbembe, A. (2003). Necropolitics. Public Culture, 15(1), 11–40. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-1-11

O’Neill, O. (1990). Constructions of reason: Explorations of Kant’s practical philosophy. Cambridge University Press.

Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B. D., van der Heide, A., Koper, D., Keij-Deerenberg, I., Rietjens, J. A., Rurup, M. L., Vrakking, A. M., Georges, J. J., Muller, M. T., van der Wal, G., & van der Maas, P. J. (2003). Euthanasia and other end-of-life decisions in the Netherlands in 1990, 1995, and 2001. Lancet (London, England), 362(9381), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14029-9

Orlowski, J. P., Smith, M. L., & Van Zwienen, J. (1992). Pediatric euthanasia. American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960), 146(12), 1440–1446. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1992.02160240050019

Otlowski, M. (2000). Euthanasia under the criminal law. In Voluntary euthanasia and the common law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298687.003.0002

Pereira, J. (2011). Legalizing euthanasia or assisted suicide: The illusion of safeguards. Current Oncology, 18(2), e38–e45. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.v18i2.883

Pousset, G., Bilsen, J., Cohen, J., Chambaere, K., Deliens, L., & Mortier, F. (2010). Medical end-of-life decisions in children in Flanders, Belgium: A population-based postmortem survey. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(6), 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.59

Provoost, V., Cools, F., Mortier, F., Bilsen, J., Ramet, J., Vandenplas, Y., Deliens, L., & Neonatal Intensive Care Consortium. (2005). Medical end-of-life decisions in neonates and infants in Flanders. Lancet (London, England), 365(9467), 1315–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61028-8

Rachels, J. (1975). Active and passive euthanasia. New England Journal of Medicine, 292(2), 78–80. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197501092920206

Rachels, J. (1986). The end of life: Euthanasia and morality. Oxford University Press.

Raphael, D. D. (1988). Handicapped infants: Medical ethics and the law. Journal of Medical Ethics, 14(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.14.1.5

Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.

Rawls, J. (2001). Justice as fairness: A restatement (E. Kelly, Ed.). Harvard University Press.

1. v. Arthur (unreported, Leicester Crown Court, November 5, 1981, Farquharson, J.).
2. v. Arthur, [1981] 1 W.L.R. 545 (Leicester Crown Court).

Regina v. Arthur (1981, November 5). Swarb.co.uk. Retrieved May 18, 2025, from https://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-arthur-5-nov-1981/

Rhoden, N. K., & Arras, J. D. (1985). Withholding Treatment from Baby Doe: From Discrimination to Child Abuse. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, 63(1), 18–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/3349897

Ries, N. M., & Thomson, M. (2020). Bioethics and universal vulnerability: Exploring the ethics and practices of research participation. Medical Law Review, 28(2), 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwz026

Robertson, J. A., & Fost, N. (1976). Passive euthanasia of defective newborn infants: Legal considerations. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 88(5), 883–889.

Rose, N. (2007). The politics of life itself: Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rqmf

Sanders, J. (1969). Euthanasia: None Dare Call It Murder. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 60(3), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.2307/1141990

Schafer, S. (1976). The problem of free will in criminology. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 67(4), 481–490. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol67/iss4/13/

Singer, P. (1995). Rethinking life and death: The collapse of our traditional ethics. Oxford University Press.

Singer, P. (2011). Practical ethics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Sklansky, M. (2001). Neonatal euthanasia: Moral considerations and criminal liability. Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.27.1.5

Smiley, M. (2005). Collective responsibility. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved May 11, 2025, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/collective-responsibility/

Smith, S. W., Coggon, J., Hobson, C., Huxtable, R., McGuinness, S., Miola, J., & Neal, M. (Eds.). (2017). Ethical judgments: Re-writing medical law. Hart Publishing.

Steinhauser, K. E., Christakis, N. A., Clipp, E. C., McNeilly, M., McIntyre, L., & Tulsky, J. A. (2000). Factors considered important at the end of life by patients, families, physicians, and other care providers. JAMA, 284(19), 2476–2482. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.19.2476

Strawson, P. F. (1963). Freedom and resentment. Proceedings of the British Academy, 48, 187–211. Oxford University Press.

Sulmasy, D. P., & Pellegrino, E. D. (1999). The rule of double effect: Clearing up the double talk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(6), 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.6.545

Tooley, M. (1972). Abortion and Infanticide. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2(1), 37–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2264919

Tronto, J. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Routledge.

Tur, R. H. (2002). Just how unlawful is "euthanasia"? Journal of Applied Philosophy, 19(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5930.00217

UPI. (1981, November 5). A Crown Court jury acquits consultant pediatrician of attempted murder. United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/11/05/A-Crown-Court-jury-Thursday-acquitted-a-consultant-pediatrician/5711373784400/

Van der Heide, A., van der Maas, P. J., van der Wal, G., de Graaff, C. L., Kester, J. G., Kollée, L. A., de Leeuw, R., & Holl, R. A. (1997). Medical end-of-life decisions made for neonates and infants in the Netherlands. Lancet (London, England), 350(9073), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02315-5

Van Inwagen, P. (1983). An essay on free will. Oxford University Press.

Vanden Eijnden, S., & Martinovici, D. (2013). Neonatal euthanasia: A claim for an immoral law. Clinical Ethics, 8(2–3), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477750913499494

Verhagen, E., & Sauer, P. J. J. (2005). The Groningen Protocol—Euthanasia in severely ill newborns. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(10), 959–962. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp058026

Young, R. (1996). Voluntary euthanasia. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved May 11, 2025, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/

Zehr, H. (2002). The little book of restorative justice. Good Books.