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هجرة قبيلة مراد واستقرارها في بلدان الفتح الإسلامي، تحليل الوظائف التاريخية - الحضارية والدور الهيكلي | ||
| التاریخ والحضارة الاسلامیة رؤیة معاصرة | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 6، شماره 2، مهر 2026، صفحه 1-34 اصل مقاله (1.53 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/ihc.2026.74809.1117 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| مریم سعیدیان جزي* | ||
| استاذ مشارک بکلية معارف اهل البيت في اصفهان | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 03 خرداد 1405، تاریخ بازنگری: 12 خرداد 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 06 تیر 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| قضية البحث الرئيسية هي تبيين كيفية هجرة واستقرار قبيلة "مراد" ووظائفها المتعددة في سياق التحولات السياسية والعسكرية والثقافية في المناطق التي فتحها الجيش الإسلامي في القرون الهجرية الأولى. اعتمد البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي واستند إلى المصادر الإسلامية، في تقصّي دور هذه القبيلة في المأسسة السياسية وإنتاج المعرفة الدينية. أظهرت نتائج البحث أنّ قبيلة مراد، من خلال حضورها العسكري الناشط في فتوحات الشام والعراق ومصر، ساهمت بشكل جوهري في تثبيت أركان الدولة الإسلامية؛ حيث تجاوزت هويتها القبلية ووظيفتها العسكرية لتتحول إلى مؤسسة اجتماعية-سياسية ذات نفوذ في هيكلية الخلافة الأموية والعباسية عبر تولي المناصب التنفيذية والديوانية. كما أن التنوع في التوجهات المذهبية داخل القبيلة، والمشاركة الفاعلة في مجالات الحديث والفقه والقضاء، يعكس الحيوية الاجتماعية لهذه القبيلة في التأقلم مع التحولات المذهبية والاجتماعية. تكمن جِدّة البحث في تقديمه تحليلاً متكاملاً للعلاقة بين الهجرة القبلية، وتوزيع السلطة، وتبلور الخطابات الدينية والثقافية في إطار تاريخ الحضارة الإسلامية. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| قبيلة مراد؛ الفتوح؛ الاستقرار؛ الحضارة الإسلامية؛ الخوارج؛ التشيع | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Migration and Settlement of the Murad Tribe in the Conquered Islamic Territories: An Analysis of Its Historical-Civilizational Functions and Structural Role | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Maryam Saeedyan Jazi | ||
| Associate Professor, Faculty of Ahl al-Bayt Studies, University of Isfahan | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Research on the social history of early Islam, without due attention to the role of Arab tribes in the processes of conquest, settlement, administration of conquered territories, and the formation of scholarly and judicial institutions, provides an incomplete picture of the mechanisms underlying Islamic civilization. Among these tribes, the Murad tribe, one of the major branches of the Madhhij confederation, occupied a distinguished position. The tribe originated in southern Arabia, particularly in the regions of al-Jawf and Ma'rib, and, as a result of the political, religious, and military developments of the first Islamic century, became one of the active forces in the Islamic conquests and subsequently in the consolidation of the social and administrative structures of the conquered territories. The principal question of this study is how the Murad tribe, while preserving the framework of tribal organization and traditional structures, transformed itself into an influential network within political authority, the transmission of knowledge, urban development, and the establishment of civil and public institutions in Islamic civilization, and how this process was related to migration, settlement, and the diversity of religious affiliations within the tribe. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is based on an examination of historical, biographical, conquest (futuh), tabaqat (classes), and prosopographical sources. The research collects and analyzes data concerning the origins and background of the Murad tribe, its participation in the conquests of Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Egypt, its settlement in conquered regions, and the presence of Muradi figures in the fields of hadith, jurisprudence, and the judiciary. The methodological framework is based on identifying the relationship between migration and geographical settlement, the reproduction of tribal social capital, and the emergence of new functions within the context of Islamic civilization. Accordingly, the Murad tribe is examined as a social unit with multiple functions during the formative centuries of Islam. The findings indicate that prior to its incorporation into the geography of the Islamic caliphate, the Murad tribe possessed local structures of power, agricultural resources, commercial activity, and military capability in Yemen. This background facilitated its active participation in the Islamic conquests and its cooperation with the caliphal administration. Following their conversion to Islam and their passage through internal crises and political transformations associated with the final years of the Prophet's life and the question of succession, the Banu Murad played an effective role during the period of the early caliphs in regions such as Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Egypt. Their participation in the conquest of Homs, Aleppo, and Bitlis in Syria, the role of Qays ibn Hubayrah in the battles of al-Qadisiyyah, Jalula, Nahavand, and Masabadhan in Iraq and Iran, and the contributions of Muradi figures such as Sharik ibn Sami and Shorahbil ibn Hujayyah in the conquest of Egypt demonstrate the active role of the Banu Murad in the transfer of political authority from the Arabian Peninsula to the newly conquered Islamic territories. This role was reinforced through the settlement of various Muradi clans and families in newly established cities such as Fustat, Kufa, Basra, and other regions, as well as through their integration into local networks of power. Through the establishment of mosques, the institutionalization of judicial practices, and the creation of economic networks connected to the fiscal administration, they developed local and relatively self-sufficient structures. During the Umayyad period, the Banu Murad occupied a prominent position as a military and security force in Syria, Egypt, and the conquests of North Africa and Andalus. With the rise of the Abbasid era and the transition toward a centralized and increasingly non-Arab bureaucracy, the tribe adapted politically by directing its elites toward judicial, administrative, and scholarly careers in order to preserve its status within the new political order. The findings further demonstrate that the Murad tribe cannot be regarded as a tribal system possessing a uniform religious identity. Among the Banu Murad existed a broad spectrum of religious and legal affiliations, including companions of the Imams and figures associated with Zaydi, Imami, Maliki, Kharijite, and ahl al-ra'y tendencies. This diversity reflects the tribe's capacity to adapt to the intellectual and political transformations of the formative Islamic centuries. The migration and settlement of Muradi groups in different regions exposed them to extensive scholarly, religious, and social networks shaped by varying historical and cultural circumstances, contributing to the formation of multilayered identities within the tribe. These shifts in political alignments frequently produced divisions within Muradi tribal cohesion, reflecting the intersection of broader political developments and differing doctrinal tendencies among its members. The Murad tribe also maintained a significant presence in scholarly and judicial circles. Figures such as Amr ibn Murrah, Kharashah ibn Harith, Thabit ibn Tarif, and Abd al-Rahman ibn Asilah al-Muradi were active in the transmission and preservation of hadith traditions. In the fields of jurisprudence and the judiciary, Ubaydah ibn Amr al-Salmani, one of the distinguished figures of Kufa, Sulaym ibn Itr with his four decades of judicial service in Egypt, and Ibrahim ibn Yazid and Abbas ibn Rifa'ah in Cordoba represent examples of Muradi participation in scholarly institutions and social structures. Their activities indicate that the Banu Murad played an important role in the production and transmission of religious knowledge, the regulation of legal relations, and the consolidation of administrative institutions in the conquered territories. The findings suggest that the Murad tribe should be regarded as an important example of structural adaptability in Islamic history. The tribe succeeded in establishing continuity between its tribal origins in Yemen and the transformations of the Islamic era and, following its participation in the conquests and settlement in the conquered territories, developed a durable ethnic and social position in the fields of governance, administration, hadith transmission, jurisprudence, and the judiciary. The significance of this issue lies in the fact that the Banu Murad, through their human resources, military capabilities, and policies aimed at tribal continuity and the preservation of collective interests, played an active and influential role in reproducing the political order, consolidating the position of the caliphate, managing administrative and executive affairs, and disseminating Islamic scholarly traditions throughout the regions in which they settled. From this perspective, the Banu Murad constitute a historical example demonstrating that the Arab tribal system remained an active component of Islamic civilization and contributed significantly to the historical and social identity of Muslim societies. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Keywords: Murad Tribe, Islamic Conquests, Settlement, Islamic Civilization, Kharijites, Shi'ism | ||
| مراجع | ||
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