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العباسيون وأزمات الشرعية والفاعلية في إطار نظرية تالكوت بارسونز | ||
| التاریخ والحضارة الاسلامیة رؤیة معاصرة | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 16 تیر 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: المقالة الأصلية | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/ihc.2025.72348.1089 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| ابوالفضل رباني* | ||
| دكتوراه في التاريخ الإسلامي، جامعة الشهيد بهشتي، طهران: ایران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 27 مهر 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 30 آذر 1404، تاریخ پذیرش: 07 اسفند 1404 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| أسقط أحفاد العباس بن عبد المطلب حكم الأمويين عام 132 هـ، وأسّسوا على أنقاضه خلافة وراثية استمرت حتى منتصف القرن السابع الهجري. إن استمرار هذه الدولة طويلًا، على الرغم من المعارضات والتهديدات الكثيرة ونفوذ الضعف في معظم مفاصل الحكم، بما في ذلك منشأ السلطة وتقسيمها، يعد مسألة جديرة بالاهتمام. تسعى هذه الدراسة، من خلال تحليل سياسات العباسيين في تطوير الشرعية في المراحل الثلاث للسلطة (المنشأ، التشكيل، والتقسيم)، إلى تقديم تفسير أفضل لنقاط القوة والضعف لدى العباسيين في طريق اكتساب الشرعية، وذلك بتطبيق هذه السياسات على المراحل الوظيفية الأربع (التكيف، تحقيق الهدف، الاندماج، والتحفيز) التي رسمها تالكوت بارسونز في نظريته الوظيفية البنيوية لتحويل النظم الفرعية إلى نظام كلي. بناءً على نتائج البحث، حققت سياسات العباسيين نجاحات في المراحل الأربع: التكيف، وتحقيق الهدف، والتكامل، والكمون، وقد اعتمد استمرار الحكم طويلًا على هذه العوامل إلى حد كبير. ومع ذلك، وخلال سنوات حكمهم الطويلة، أدت المشكلات الهامة القائمة في المراحل المذكورة، بالإضافة إلى العوامل الخارجية المؤثرة، إلى انحطاط العباسيين وزوال حكمهم في نهاية المطاف. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| العباسيون؛ الرضا من آل محمد؛ النبي (صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم)؛ تالكوت بارسونز؛ الدولة الأموية | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Abbasids and the Crises of Legitimacy and Effectiveness through the Lens of Talcott Parsons’ Theory | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| abolfazl rabbani | ||
| Ph.D. in Islamic History, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Following the decline of the Umayyads (40–131 AH), the Abbasids (132–656 AH) established a hereditary caliphate in 132 AH that lasted until the middle of the seventh century AH. The rulers of the early Abbasid period took decisive steps toward securing political legitimacy, laying foundations so robust that despite the gradual weakening and eventual decline of the dynasty during its later phase, the Abbasid state survived until the Mongol invasion in 656 AH and the execution of the last caliph by order of Hulagu Khan. The manner in which the Abbasid caliphs confronted various crises—some of which emerged during the initial process of acquiring legitimacy and others that later expanded into questions of administrative effectiveness and political performance—constitutes an important subject of historical inquiry. Despite the chronological distance between the Abbasid period and the contemporary world, the longevity of the Abbasid state and its profound cultural, religious, and civilizational influence on the Islamic world render an examination of these crises and the strategies adopted to address them relevant for understanding contemporary challenges in the Muslim world. Drawing upon the structural-functionalist framework of the American sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902–1979), this study seeks to answer the question: what crises confronted the Abbasids, and what measures did they adopt to manage and control them? Accordingly, the present study examines the challenges facing the Abbasid state through Parsons’ four functional imperatives: adaptation, defined as adjusting to new circumstances and aligning the environment with the needs of the political system; goal attainment, namely the purposeful pursuit of predetermined objectives; integration, referring to the coordination of the constituent elements of government—including religious institutions, military organizations, and administrative officials—in pursuit of common goals; and latency or pattern maintenance, which concerns motivating social actors and preserving the continuity of the political order. The research employs a historical and descriptive-analytical methodology based on the examination of written and historical sources from the Abbasid period. By organizing the collected data within Parsons’ theoretical framework, the study identifies such factors as the Abbasids’ emphasis on their kinship with the Prophet, their appropriation of the discourse of the Imamate and related concepts, and their reliance on Sunni legal principles concerning inheritance as measures associated with the stage of adaptation. This stage also involves an analysis of adaptation within the three principal institutions of government: religious institutions, the military establishment, and the administrative agents. Within the dimension of goal attainment, the study examines Abbasid strategies such as the dispatch of Abbasid missionaries (duʿāt) and their ideological preparation, the effective utilization of influential officials and political actors such as Abu Muslim, Abu Salama al-Khallal, the Barmakids, and the Sahl family, and the subsequent elimination of many of these figures after the consolidation of Abbasid power. The processes of power distribution and the efforts to centralize authority in the hands of the caliph are also examined within this framework. Within the dimension of integration, particular attention was given to policies such as the simultaneous employment of Arab and Khurasanian forces, efforts to sustain the expansionist momentum of the conquests and to utilize the notion of an external enemy as a unifying factor, as well as the adoption of policies of tolerance and accommodation toward the diverse segments of society. Within the dimension of latency and pattern maintenance, particular attention was devoted to the use of traditions attributed to the Prophet in opposition to the Umayyads, the exploitation of popular devotion to the Prophet's Household (Ahl al-Bayt), the interpretation of the concept of the Ahl al-Bayt in a manner favorable to the Abbasids, the denial of the genealogical claims of rival groups to kinship with the Prophet, and the promotion of prophetic and eschatological traditions foretelling the rise and rule of the Abbasid dynasty. The principal objective of this study is to provide an explanation for a significant historical problem, namely the remarkable longevity of the Abbasid state despite the proliferation of crises during the various stages of its formation, consolidation, and development. The findings of the study indicate that an examination of Abbasid activities, beginning with the planning phase during the Umayyad period and including the dispatch of missionaries (duʿāt) to different regions of the Islamic world, reveals a deliberate and carefully designed strategy aimed at attaining political power. Their familiarity with the social and cultural characteristics of diverse regions, their effective utilization of capable and influential agents such as Abu Muslim and Abu Salama during the pre-revolutionary phase, followed by the elimination of these figures after the consolidation of Abbasid authority, as well as the construction of a highly centralized political structure designed to maximize the authority of the caliph, all testify to the purposeful and strategic nature of Abbasid political action. At multiple levels of governance, however, the Abbasids faced serious crises. The Alids contested the Abbasids’ claims to political authority and legitimacy, and an adversarial relationship between the two groups persisted throughout much of Abbasid history. This conflict significantly weakened Abbasid efforts to create social integration. The Imamiya Shiʿa generally perceived little distinction between Umayyad and Abbasid rule and consequently adopted policies of prudence and dissimulation (taqiyya), whereas the Hasanid branch of the Alids pursued armed resistance and open confrontation. The execution of highly capable Iranian administrators during the reign of Mansur created substantial difficulties for the Abbasid state, while the suppression of movements such as the Rawandiyya, al-Muqannaʿ, the Khurramites, Afshin, and Mazyar imposed heavy political and economic costs upon the regime. The emergence of rival states claiming Alid legitimacy, such as the Fatimids and the Idrisids, further challenged Abbasid claims to authority and contributed to divisions within the broader Islamic community. In the sphere of adaptation, the Abbasids also faced numerous crises and challenges. The division of the empire into eastern and western regions, al-Ma'mun's inclination toward Iran, the growing influence of the Turks within the Abbasid court, the appropriation of agricultural lands by military commanders and high-ranking officials, and the granting of iqtaʿ lands by the caliphs all represented major difficulties during this stage. Furthermore, the deviation of important institutions such as the vizierate, the office of the commander of commanders (amir al-umara'), the bureaucracy, and the military from their constructive and intended functions constituted serious crises for the Abbasid state during this period, ultimately producing disastrous consequences for the dynasty. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Keywords: The Abbasids, Al-Ridha from the Family of Muhammad, The Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), Talcott Parsons, The Umayyad Caliphate | ||
| مراجع | ||
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