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نقش کارویژههای تبدیل واستحاله در سقوط نظام پهلوی | ||
| علوم سیاسی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 12 شهریور 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/psq.2026.72290.3030 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علیرضا محمدی1؛ محمد رادمرد* 2؛ محمدتقی قزلسفلی3 | ||
| 1کارشناس ارشد علوم سیاسی | ||
| 2دانشیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران | ||
| 3استاد علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 03 مرداد 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 12 خرداد 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 12 شهریور 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| نظامهای سیاسی، با اتکا به توانایی خود در وضع قوانین و مقررات و تخصیص بهینه منابع، نقش بسزایی در فرآیند توسعه ایفا میکنند. دستیابی به توسعه، مستلزم وجود محیطی باثبات است که در آن امکان فعالیتهای سیاسی آزادانه احزاب، مشارکت گسترده مردمی و حاکمیت قانون فراهم باشد. بدین خاطر کارویژههای تبدیل و استحاله میتوانند به عنوان معیار و چارچوبی برای تشخیص نظامهای سیاسی توسعه یافته عمل کنند. بنابراین، نظام سیاسی میتواند بستر لازم برای توسعه را ایجاد کند. از این منظر، نوع نظام سیاسی در مسیر توسعه نقش مهمی ایفا میکند و گذار به نظامهای مدرن و مردمی لازمه توسعه سیاسی است؛ بهعبارتی تحول در نظامهای سنتی و ایجاد نهادهای مدرن با وظایف تخصصی و کارآمد، مستلزم وجود یک نظام سیاسی دموکراتیک است. در همین راستا آسیبشناسی سقوط نظام پهلوی و بررسی منطق گذار در این نظام مورد توجه مقاله حاضر است. بخصوص آنکه، نظام سیاسی پهلوی مدعی مدرنیزاسیون و نوسازی بود. به همین دلیل این پژوهش به دنبال پاسخ به این سوال است که چه ارتباطی بین کارویژه تبدیل و استحاله با سقوط نظامی پهلوی وجود دارد؟ در راستای پاسخ به این پرسش، فرضیه مطرح شده هم به این صورت است که از آنجایی که حکومت پهلوی نتوانست خروجی های نظام سیاسی شامل تمهید و اجرای قوانین و عملکرد قضایی نظام را بر اساس ورودی های نظام شامل بیان و تجمیع منافع که برآمده از جامعه است تنظیم کند، سقوط کرد. این پژوهش چارچوب نظری خود را بر اساس نظریه نظریه آلموند و پاول قرار داده است که طی آن توسعه سیاسی از منظری کارکردگرایانه مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد. مقاله حاضر در میان سهگانه کارکردهای نظام سیاسی مورد نظر این دو متفکر(یعنی کارویژههای تبدیل و استحاله، کارویژههای تطبیق و کارآییهای کارکردی نظام سیاسی) اولی را مورد توجه قرار داده است و از این منظر سقوط نظام پهلوی را تبیین میکند. این مقاله از منظر روششناسی بر اساس رویکرد علی و با گردآوری دادهها به شکل کتابخانهای تدوین شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| سقوط پهلوی؛ تبدیل و استحاله؛ نظام سیاسی؛ توسعه سیاسی؛ نوسازی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The role of transformation and transformational functions in the fall of the Pahlavi regime | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Alireza Mohammadi1؛ Mohammad Radmard2؛ Mohammad Taghi Ghezelsofla3 | ||
| 1Master of Political Science, University of Mazandaran | ||
| 2Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Mazandaran | ||
| 3Professor of Political Science, University of Mazandaran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: This research seeks to answer the question of what is the relationship between the special function of transformation and transformation and the fall of the Pahlavi regime. The hypothesis put forward is that since the Pahlavi regime failed to regulate the outputs of the political system, including the preparation and implementation of laws and the judicial function of the system, based on the inputs of the system, including the expression and aggregation of interests that emerged from society, it fell. Theoretical framework: Almond specifically explained that in the stage of transformation and transformation, traditional functions and structures that had a general aspect give way to specialized structures. Transformation and transformation includes several special functions: the projection of interests, the aggregation of interests, the preparation of laws or legislation, the implementation of laws by the executive branch, judicial function, and political communications. The first step in the process of transformation and transformation is the expression of interests. A process that identifies and presents the demands and needs of the people from the political system. The second step is the integration of interests. The integration of interests means integrating and integrating the interests and demands of political parties, interest groups and other different political units. The third stage is the provision of laws. The provision of laws is considered to mean providing or preparing the law. In traditional political systems, legislation, or in the words of Almond and Powell, rule-making, was a charismatic process or a slow and gradual process of accumulating tradition. The fourth step is the implementation of laws by the executive branch. The implementation of laws is another important function of political systems, and the implementation of laws and policies is often carried out by executive bodies. In most modern systems, bureaucracies are responsible for implementing the law, so bureaucracies must have the ability to manage and implement policies. Another area is judicial performance. Judicial performance should be such that it is not overshadowed by other powers and organizations. The judicial system must protect the rights of citizens and ensure that the laws are implemented correctly. The final step is political communication. Political communication refers to the processes through which information and opinions are transmitted between political institutions and citizens. The process of transformation and transformation of the Pahlavi regime: Expression of interests in the Pahlavi regime: The power structure in the Pahlavi regime was such that not only were different segments of the population, including workers, students, and intellectuals, deprived of a platform and channel to express their desires, demands, and criticisms, but repression was also considered a response to their desires. The Pahlavi regime applied a dual approach to the demands of the people and did not rely on the people's demands reaching the higher levels of government. Consolidation of interests in the Pahlavi regime: It should be noted that the most important institution that could play a decision-making role in the field of consolidation of interests during this period was the Planning Organization. However, the planning was often met with interference from the Shah himself. By looking at the performance of the Planning Organization and the heads who seized power and were removed from it, one can clearly understand the challenges of this institution in terms of consolidating the interests of various ministries and central and local agencies. Drafting laws in the Pahlavi regime: In the Pahlavi regime, the specific tasks of expressing interests and consolidating interests as inputs to political systems were not carried out in a desirable manner. The Pahlavi regime was a political system in which the constitution and its legislative body, the National Assembly, were under the shadow of the Shah. The constitution plays an important role in drafting laws, but since the constitution was overshadowed by the Shah's decrees in the Pahlavi regime, it lost its function. For this reason, people who were legally obliged to implement the constitution did not need to know about it. Enforcement of the law by the executive branch in the Pahlavi regime: The Shah's personal orientation towards the seizure and exercise of power weakened the specific task of law enforcement, and in these circumstances, when bureaucracies do not have special power and authority to enforce the rules, it could not be expected that the executive branch could successfully implement the law. Due to the dominant role that the Shah played in the decision-making processes, government institutions had less authority or never had it. Judicial performance in the Pahlavi regime: The Shah did not spare any effort to dominate the judiciary. The Shah had learned that judges should not create problems for him; hence, he created extensive military judicial systems to be subordinate to the hierarchy rather than independent. The powers that the Shah had delegated to the military apparatus to deal with matters instead of the judiciary had led to the arbitrariness of the military forces. Political communication in the Pahlavi regime: Political communication can reflect the nature of the political system. The Pahlavi regime showed poor performance in the area of political communication. Because of the great control it had over the media, press, parties and labor unions, it was unable to form an effective connection between the rulers and the people and vice versa. Therefore, due to the lack of effective communication between the people and the Pahlavi regime, we witness the closure and lack of transmission of the flow of demands, needs and information. Conclusion: Our assessment in this study of the second Pahlavi regime, based on the special task of transformation and transformation, shows that this regime was among the governments that, although it took measures in the field of economic development, these measures were unbalanced, because without considering the political context and its connection with the economic context, only the economy and economic development were paid attention to. Therefore, the development that occurred during the Pahlavi era was one-dimensional and did not include traditional political structures, institutions and procedures that needed reform and change. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Fall of Pahlavi, transformation and transformation, political system, political development, modernization | ||
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