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تأملی بر مفهوم «دولت سایه» و امکان سنجی استقرار آن در حقوق اساسی ایران | ||
| علوم سیاسی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 03 آبان 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22081/psq.2026.75226.3151 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علی مشهدی* 1؛ حسین رضائی2؛ زهرا احمدی3 | ||
| 1استاد تمام و عضو هیأت علمی گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه قم | ||
| 2دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد فقه و مبانی حقوق اسلامی/ عضو مرکز وکلای قوه قضائیه تهران | ||
| 3دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق عمومی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران/ وکیل پایه یک کانون وکلای دادگستری مرکز | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 06 تیر 1405، تاریخ بازنگری: 24 مهر 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 03 آبان 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| نهاد «دولت سایه» یا «کابینه سایه» یکی از نهادهای غیرمدوّنِ نظام‌های پارلمانیِ است و رکنی اساسی در سازکار نظارت بر دولت و تضمین پاسخ‌گوییِ سیاسی است. با وجود کارکردهای برجسته این نهاد در نظارت بر دولت، ارائه خط‌مشی جایگزین و زمینه‌سازی برای انتقال مسالمت‌آمیز قدرت، جایگاه آن در دانش حقوق اساسی همچنان با ابهامات نظری و کاستی‌های پژوهشی قابل‌توجهی مواجه است. در ایران مفهوم «دولت سایه» یا «کابینه سایه» طی حدود یک دهه اخیر وارد ادبیاتِ سیاسیِ کشور شده است. با این حال، این مفهوم عمدتاً در سطحی غیررسمی و بعضاً با بارِ معناییِ منفی به‌کار رفته است و جایگاه آن در نظام حقوق اساسی ایران، به‌روشنی تبیین نشده است. این خلا نظری، پژوهشِ حاضر را از منظر نظام حقوق اساسیِ ایران نیز، ضروری می‌سازد. بنابراین پرسش اصلی پژوهش آن است که کابینه سایه از منظر حقوق اساسی چه ماهیت، کارکردها و الزامات نهادی دارد و این نهاد در چه نسبتی با اصول بنیادین حاکمیت قانون، تفکیک قوا و مسئولیت سیاسی قرار می‌گیرد. این مقاله با روش تحلیلی_توصیفی، ضمن واکاوی مبانی نظری و تحول تاریخی کابینه سایه ، به بررسی امکان‌پذیریِ نهادسازیِ مشابه در نظام حقوق اساسی ایران نیز اشاره دارد. فرضیه اصلی آن است که کابینه سایه به‌مثابه یک «دولت در انتظار»، گرچه فاقد هرگونه مبنای قانونیِ مدون بوده و بر عرف‌های اساسی استوار می‌گردد، با این حال کارکردهای نظارتی و خط‌مشی‌سازیِ آن، آن را به نهادی ممتاز در ساختار توازن قوا تبدیل ساخته است. یافته‌هایِ پژوهش نشان داد که کابینه سایه، به‌مثابه یکی از نهادهایِ غیرمدوّنِ نظام‌هایِ پارلمانی ، بر عرفِ اساسی استوار است و فاقدِ هرگونه مبنایِ قانونیِ مدوّن می‌باشد. با این حال، کارکردهایِ برجسته این نهاد شامل نظارتِ تخصصی بر دولت، ارائه خط‌مشیِ جایگزین، ایفای نقشِ «دولت در انتظار» و تقویتِ شفافیت و پاسخ‌گوییِ سیاسی آن را به یکی از ارکانِ غیررسمی اما کارآمدِ توازنِ قوا در نظام‌هایِ پارلمانیِ تبدیل ساخته است. بر این اساس ضمن بیان زمینه‌ها و مبانی نظری چارچوب حقوقی آن را در نظام های حقوقی بررسی خواهیم نمود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| حقوق عمومی؛ حقوق اساسی؛ عرف اساسی؛ علوم سیاسی؛ دولت سایه؛ کابینه سایه؛ نظام پارلمانی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A Reflection on the Concept of “Shadow Government” and the Feasibility of Its Establishment in the Constitutional Law of Iran | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali Mashhadi1؛ Hossein Rezaei2؛ Zahra Ahmadi3 | ||
| 1Full Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom | ||
| 2Master's degree in Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law/Member of the Tehran Judiciary Lawyers Center | ||
| 3Master's degree in Public Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran/Associate Lawyer, Central Bar Association | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The institution of “shadow government” or “” is one of the unwritten institutions of parliamentary systems and is a fundamental element in the mechanism of monitoring the government and ensuring political accountability. Despite the prominent functions of this institution in monitoring the government, presenting an alternative policy, and paving the way for a peaceful transfer of power, its position in the knowledge of constitutional law still faces theoretical ambiguities and significant research shortcomings. In the 19th century, in the British Parliament, a group of senior spokesmen of the opposition party or coalition, led by the Leader of the Opposition, formed an alternative cabinet parallel to the government cabinet, and each of its members was responsible for "shadowing" one of the government ministries. The importance of the subject of the shadow cabinet in the science of constitutional law can be explained in several ways. First, this institution is the concrete embodiment of the principle of "Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition" in parliamentary systems, according to which political opponents are not only not considered enemies of the government, but also, as part of the mechanism of governance, assume the task of monitoring the government and presenting alternative policies. Second, the shadow cabinet acts as a “government-in-waiting,” thus paving the way for a peaceful transition of power by preparing effective forces and alternative policymaking programs. Third, the legal study of this institution challenges the boundaries between “written fundamental rights” and “substantive customs,” raising fundamental questions about the source of legitimacy of unwritten political institutions in constitutional law scholarship. Globally, countries with parliamentary systems have been involved in the concept of shadow government, and the institution of shadow cabinet has been recognized, at least at the level of political convention. However, in presidential and semi-presidential systems, this institution either does not exist or manifests itself in other informal forms. In Iran, the concept of “shadow government” or “shadow cabinet” has entered the country’s political literature over the past decade or so. However, this concept has been used mainly on an informal level and sometimes with a negative connotation, and its place in Iran’s constitutional system has not been clearly explained. The main question of this article is what is the nature, functions, and institutional requirements of the shadow cabinet from the perspective of constitutional law, and how does this institution relate to the fundamental principles of the rule of law, separation of powers, and political responsibility. Using an analytical-descriptive method, this article, while analyzing the theoretical foundations and historical development of the shadow cabinet, also refers to the feasibility of establishing a similar institution in the Iranian constitutional law system. The main hypothesis is that the shadow cabinet, as a “government-in-waiting,” although lacking any codified legal basis and relying on fundamental customs, nevertheless its supervisory and policy-making functions have made it a privileged institution in the balance of power structure. The shadow government and cabinet is a very important issue that has not been addressed in the Iranian public law literature. The present article aims to explain the nature, functions, and position of the institution of the shadow cabinet in the knowledge of constitutional law and to assess the feasibility of its establishment in the Iranian constitutional law system. Although in terms of the structure and nature of political institutions, the Iranian model is not purely parliamentary and only has aspects of it. However, in recent years, this concept has been raised in the political sphere. The research findings showed that the shadow cabinet, as one of the unwritten institutions of parliamentary systems, is based on fundamental custom and lacks any written legal basis. However, the prominent functions of this institution, including specialized oversight of the government, presenting an alternative policy, playing the role of a "government in waiting," and strengthening transparency and political accountability, have turned it into one of the informal but effective pillars of the balance of power in Westminster parliamentary systems. A comparative study of different parliamentary systems showed that although the shadow cabinet is used as an established basic custom in its origin (Britain) and also in the parliamentary systems of Australia, Canada and some other countries, in systems such as India, which lacks a developed party structure and a corresponding basic custom, this institution has not been formally established and its absence has led to the weakening of parliamentary oversight. The research findings show that in the Iranian constitutional law system, given the political structure of the powers, the lack of a formal and organized opposition party, as well as the lack of basic customs, it is not possible to establish the institution of the shadow cabinet with its conventional definition; However, the experience of the so-called "shadow government" in the Iranian political space (although lacking legal legitimacy) indicates a functional need for parallel oversight institutions, the recognition of which within the framework of the theory of fundamental rights can lead to the enrichment of the literature in this field in Iran. Accordingly, we will examine its legal framework in legal systems while explaining its theoretical foundations and contexts. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Public Law, Constitutional Law, Fundamental Customs, Political Science, Shadow Government, Shadow Cabinet, Parliamentary System | ||
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